subject

The subject in a sentence or clause is the person or thing doing, performing, or controlling the action of the verb. Only that which has the grammatical function of a noun can be the subject of a clause. This is because it is someone or something that is capable of performing or “controlling” the action of the verb.Continue reading...

sub·ject

S5912900 (sŭb′jĕkt′, -jĭkt) adj. 1. Being in a position or in circumstances that place one under the power or authority of another or others: subject to the law. 2. Prone; disposed: a child who is subject to colds. 3. Likely to incur or receive; exposed: a directive subject to misinterpretation. 4. Contingent or dependent: a vacation subject to changing weather. n. 1. One who is under the rule of another or others, especially one who owes allegiance to a government or ruler. 2. a. One concerning which something is said or done; a person or thing being discussed or dealt with: a subject of gossip. b. Something that is treated or indicated in a work of art. c. Music A theme of a composition, especially a fugue. 3. A course or area of study: Math is her best subject. 4. A basis for action; a cause. 5. a. One that experiences or is subjected to something: the subject of ridicule. b. A person or animal that is the object of medical or scientific study: The experiment involved 12 subjects. c. A corpse intended for anatomical study and dissection. d. One who is under surveillance: The subject was observed leaving the scene of the murder. 6. Grammar The noun, noun phrase, or pronoun in a sentence or clause that denotes the doer of the action or what is described by the predicate. 7. Logic The term of a proposition about which something is affirmed or denied. 8. Philosophy a. The mind or thinking part as distinguished from the object of thought. b. A being that undergoes personal conscious or unconscious experience of itself and of the world. c. The essential nature or substance of something as distinguished from its attributes. tr.v. (səb-jĕkt′) sub·ject·ed, sub·ject·ing, sub·jects 1. To cause to experience, undergo, or be acted upon: suspects subjected to interrogation; rocks subjected to intense pressure. 2. To subjugate; subdue. 3. To submit to the authority of: peoples that subjected themselves to the emperor.

[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin subiectus, from past participle of sūbicere, to subject : sub-, sub- + iacere, to throw; see yē- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]

sub·jec′tion (səb-jĕk′shən) n. Synonyms: subject, matter, topic, theme
These nouns denote the principal idea or point of a speech, a piece of writing, or an artistic work. Subject is the most general: "Well, honor is the subject of my story" (Shakespeare).
Matter refers to the material that is the object of thought or discourse: "This distinction seems to me to go to the root of the matter" (William James).
A topic is a subject of discussion, argument, or conversation: "They would talk of ... fashionable topics, such as pictures, taste, Shakespeare" (Oliver Goldsmith).
Theme refers especially to an idea, a point of view, or a perception that is developed and expanded on in a work of art: "To produce a mighty book, you must choose a mighty theme" (Herman Melville). See Also Synonyms at dependent.

subject

n 1. a. the predominant theme or topic, as of a book, discussion, etc b. (in combination): subject-heading. 2. (Education) any branch of learning considered as a course of study 3. (Grammar) grammar logic a word, phrase, or formal expression about which something is predicated or stated in a sentence; for example, the cat in the sentence The cat catches mice 4. a person or thing that undergoes experiment, analysis, treatment, etc 5. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a person who lives under the rule of a monarch, government, etc 6. (Art Terms) an object, figure, scene, etc, as selected by an artist or photographer for representation 7. (Philosophy) philosophy a. that which thinks or feels as opposed to the object of thinking and feeling; the self or the mindb. a substance as opposed to its attributes 8. (Classical Music) music Also called: theme a melodic or thematic phrase used as the principal motif of a fugue, the basis from which the musical material is derived in a sonata-form movement, or the recurrent figure in a rondo 9. (Logic) logic a. the term of a categorial statement of which something is predicatedb. the reference or denotation of the subject term of a statement. The subject of John is tall is not the name John, but John himself 10. an originating motive 11. change the subject to select a new topic of conversation adj 12. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) being under the power or sovereignty of a ruler, government, etc: subject peoples. 13. showing a tendency (towards): a child subject to indiscipline. 14. exposed or vulnerable: subject to ribaldry. 15. conditional upon: the results are subject to correction. adv subject to (preposition) under the condition that: we accept, subject to her agreement. vb (tr) 16. (foll by to) to cause to undergo the application (of): they subjected him to torture. 17. (foll by: to) to expose or render vulnerable or liable (to some experience): he was subjected to great danger. 18. (foll by to) to bring under the control or authority (of): to subject a soldier to discipline. 19. rare to subdue or subjugate20. rare to present for consideration; submit21. obsolete to place belowAbbreviation: subj [C14: from Latin subjectus brought under, from subicere to place under, from sub- + jacere to throw] subˈjectable adj subˌjectaˈbility n ˈsubjectless adj ˈsubject-ˌlike adj

sub•ject

(n., adj. ˈsʌb dʒɪkt; v. səbˈdʒɛkt)

n. 1. that which forms a basic matter of thought, discussion, investigation, etc. 2. a branch of knowledge as a course of study. 3. a motive, cause, or ground: a subject for complaint. 4. something or someone treated or represented in a literary composition, work of art, etc. 5. the principal melodic motif or phrase in a musical composition, esp. in a fugue. 6. a person who owes allegiance to, or is under the domination of, a sovereign or state. 7. a syntactic unit that functions as one of the two main constituents of a sentence, the other being the predicate, and that consists of a noun, noun phrase, or noun substitute typically referring to the one performing the action or being in the state expressed by the predicate, as I in I gave notice. 8. Logic. that term of a proposition concerning which the predicate is affirmed or denied. 9. a person or thing that undergoes some kind of treatment at the hands of others. 10. a person, animal, or corpse as an object of medical or scientific treatment or experiment. 11. Philos. a. that which thinks, feels, perceives, intends, etc., as contrasted with the objects of thought, feeling, etc. b. the self or ego. 12. Metaphysics. that in which qualities or attributes inhere; substance. adj. 13. being under the domination, control, or influence of something (often fol. by to). 14. being under the dominion, rule, or authority of a sovereign, state, etc. (often fol. by to). 15. open or exposed (usu. fol. by to): subject to ridicule. 16. dependent upon something (usu. fol. by to): His consent is subject to your approval. 17. being under the necessity of undergoing something (usu. fol. by to): All beings are subject to death. 18. liable; prone (usu. fol. by to): subject to headaches. v.t. 19. to bring under domination, control, or influence (usu. fol. by to). 20. to cause to undergo the action of something specified; expose (usu. fol. by to): to subject metal to intense heat. 21. to make liable or vulnerable; expose (usu. fol. by to): to subject oneself to ridicule. 22. Obs. to place beneath something; make subjacent. [1300–50; (adj.) < Latin subjectus, past participle of subicere to throw or place beneath, make subject =sub- sub- + -icere, comb. form of jacere to throw] sub•jec′tion, n. syn: subject, topic, theme refer to the central idea or matter considered in speech or writing. subject refers to the broad or general matter treated in a discussion, literary work, etc.: The subject of the novel was a poor Southern family. topic often applies to one specific part of a general subject; it may also apply to a limited and well-defined subject: We covered many topics at the meeting. The topic of the news story was an escaped prisoner. theme usu. refers to the underlying idea of a discourse or composition, perhaps not clearly stated but easily recognizable: The theme of social reform runs throughout her work.

subject

The subject of something such as a book or talk is the thing that is discussed in it.

He knew what the subject of the meeting was.What was the subject of the opera you planned to write?

subject

Past participle: subjected
Gerund: subjecting

Imperative
subject
subject

Present
I subject
you subject
he/she/it subjects
we subject
you subject
they subject

Preterite
I subjected
you subjected
he/she/it subjected
we subjected
you subjected
they subjected

Present Continuous
I am subjecting
you are subjecting
he/she/it is subjecting
we are subjecting
you are subjecting
they are subjecting

Present Perfect
I have subjected
you have subjected
he/she/it has subjected
we have subjected
you have subjected
they have subjected

Past Continuous
I was subjecting
you were subjecting
he/she/it was subjecting
we were subjecting
you were subjecting
they were subjecting

Past Perfect
I had subjected
you had subjected
he/she/it had subjected
we had subjected
you had subjected
they had subjected

Future
I will subject
you will subject
he/she/it will subject
we will subject
you will subject
they will subject

Future Perfect
I will have subjected
you will have subjected
he/she/it will have subjected
we will have subjected
you will have subjected
they will have subjected

Future Continuous
I will be subjecting
you will be subjecting
he/she/it will be subjecting
we will be subjecting
you will be subjecting
they will be subjecting

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been subjecting
you have been subjecting
he/she/it has been subjecting
we have been subjecting
you have been subjecting
they have been subjecting

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been subjecting
you will have been subjecting
he/she/it will have been subjecting
we will have been subjecting
you will have been subjecting
they will have been subjecting

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been subjecting
you had been subjecting
he/she/it had been subjecting
we had been subjecting
you had been subjecting
they had been subjecting

Conditional
I would subject
you would subject
he/she/it would subject
we would subject
you would subject
they would subject

Past Conditional
I would have subjected
you would have subjected
he/she/it would have subjected
we would have subjected
you would have subjected
they would have subjected

subject

The part of a sentence that denotes the person or thing performing the action, usually a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	subject - the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didn't want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love"theme, topicsubject matter, content, message, substance - what a communication that is about something is aboutbone of contention - the subject of a dispute; "the real bone of contention, as you know, is money"precedent - a subject mentioned earlier (preceding in time)question, head - the subject matter at issue; "the question of disease merits serious discussion"; "under the head of minor Roman poets"keynote - the principal theme in a speech or literary work
	2.	subject - something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject"depicted object, contentthing - a separate and self-contained entityscene, view - graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept; "he painted scenes from everyday life"; "figure 2 shows photographic and schematic views of the equipment"
	3.	subject - a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings"discipline, field of study, subject area, subject field, bailiwick, field, studyoccultism - the study of the supernaturalcommunication theory, communications - the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered (as print or radio or television etc.); "communications is his major field of study"major - the principal field of study of a student at a university; "her major is linguistics"frontier - an undeveloped field of study; a topic inviting research and development; "he worked at the frontier of brain science"genealogy - the study or investigation of ancestry and family historyallometry - the study of the relative growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the wholebibliotics - the scientific study of documents and handwriting etc. especially to determine authorship or authenticityology - an informal word (abstracted from words with this ending) for some unidentified branch of knowledgeknowledge base, knowledge domain, domain - the content of a particular field of knowledgescience, scientific discipline - a particular branch of scientific knowledge; "the science of genetics"architecture - the discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings; "architecture and eloquence are mixed arts whose end is sometimes beauty and sometimes use"applied science, engineering science, technology, engineering - the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems; "he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study"futuristics, futurology - the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditionsarts, humanistic discipline, humanities, liberal arts - studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills); "the college of arts and sciences"theology, divinity - the rational and systematic study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truthmilitary science - the discipline dealing with the principles of warfareescapology - the study of methods of escaping (especially as a form of entertainment)graphology - the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition)numerology - the study of the supposed occult influence of numbers on human affairsprotology - the study of origins and first things; "To Christians, protology refers to God's fundamental purpose for humanity"theogony - the study of the origins and genealogy of the gods
	4.	subject - some situation or event that is thought about; "he kept drifting off the topic"; "he had been thinking about the subject for several years"; "it is a matter for the police"matter, topic, issuecognitive content, mental object, content - the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learnedarea - a subject of study; "it was his area of specialization"; "areas of interest include..."blind spot - a subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment; "golf is one of his blind spots and he's proud of it"remit - the topic that a person, committee, or piece of research is expected to deal with or has authority to deal with; "they set up a group with a remit to suggest ways for strengthening family life"res adjudicata, res judicata - a matter already settled in court; cannot be raised again
	5.	subject - (grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicatedgrammar - the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)grammatical constituent, constituent - (grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
	6.	subject - a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; "the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly"; "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities"guinea pig, caseindividual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"
	7.	subject - a person who owes allegiance to that nation; "a monarch has a duty to his subjects"nationalindividual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"nation, country, land - the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him"citizen - a native or naturalized member of a state or other political communitycompatriot - a person from your own countrynationalist, patriot - one who loves and defends his or her country
	8.	subject - (logic) the first term of a propositionlogic - the branch of philosophy that analyzes inferenceterm - one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
Verb	1.	subject - cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to; "He subjected me to his awful poetry"; "The sergeant subjected the new recruits to many drills"; "People in Chernobyl were subjected to radiation"affect, bear upon, impact, bear on, touch on, touch - have an effect upon; "Will the new rules affect me?"bacterise, bacterize - subject to the action of bacteriavitriol - expose to the effects of vitriol or injure with vitriolput - cause (someone) to undergo something; "He put her to the torture"shipwreck - cause to experience shipwreck; "They were shipwrecked in one of the mysteries at sea"refract - subject to refraction; "refract a light beam"expose - expose or make accessible to some action or influence; "Expose your students to art"; "expose the blanket to sunshine"expose - expose to light, of photographic filmincur - make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to; "People who smoke incur a great danger to their health"
	2.	subject - make accountable for; "He did not want to subject himself to the judgments of his superiors"submit - yield to the control of another
	3.	subject - make subservient; force to submit or subduesubjugatedragoon - subjugate by imposing troopsenslave - make a slave of; bring into servitudedominate, master - have dominance or the power to defeat over; "Her pain completely mastered her"; "The methods can master the problems"
	4.	subject - refer for judgment or consideration; "The lawyers submitted the material to the court"submitgive - submit for consideration, judgment, or use; "give one's opinion"; "give an excuse"return - submit (a report, etc.) to someone in authority; "submit a bill to a legislative body"refer - send or direct for treatment, information, or a decision; "refer a patient to a specialist"; "refer a bill to a committee"relegate, submit, pass on - refer to another person for decision or judgment; "She likes to relegate difficult questions to her colleagues"
Adj.	1.	subject - possibly accepting or permitting; "a passage capable of misinterpretation"; "open to interpretation"; "an issue open to question"; "the time is fixed by the director and players and therefore subject to much variation"capable, opensusceptible - (often followed by `of' or `to') yielding readily to or capable of; "susceptible to colds"; "susceptible of proof"
	2.	subject - being under the power or sovereignty of another or others; "subject peoples"; "a dependent prince"dependentsubordinate - subject or submissive to authority or the control of another; "a subordinate kingdom"
	3.	subject - likely to be affected by something; "the bond is subject to taxation"; "he is subject to fits of depression"affected - acted upon; influenced

subject

noun1. topic, question, issue, matter, point, business, affair, object, theme, substance, subject matter, field of inquiry or reference It was I who first raised the subject of plastic surgery.2. branch of study, area, field, discipline, speciality, branch of knowledge a tutor in maths and science subjects3. participant, case, patient, victim, client, guinea pig (informal) Subjects in the study were forced to follow a modified diet.4. citizen, resident, native, inhabitant, national Roughly half of them are British subjects.5. dependant, subordinate, underling, follower, vassal, liegeman His subjects regard him as a great and wise monarch.adjective1. subordinate, dependent, satellite, inferior, captive, obedient, enslaved, submissive, subservient, subjugated colonies and other subject territoriesverb1. put through, expose, submit, lay open, make liable He had subjected her to four years of beatings and abuse.subject to2. liable to, open to, exposed to, vulnerable to, prone to, susceptible to, disposed to Prices may be subject to alteration.3. bound by, under the control of, accountable to, constrained by It could not be subject to another country's laws.4. dependent on, hanging on, contingent on, controlled by, hinging on, conditional on The merger is subject to certain conditions.

subject

adjective1. In a position of subordination:collateral, dependent, subordinate, subservient.2. Tending to incur:liable, open, prone, susceptible, susceptive, vulnerable.3. Determined or to be determined by someone or something else:conditional, conditioned, contingent, dependent, relative, reliant.noun1. A person owing loyalty to and entitled to the protection of a given state:citizen, national.2. What a speech, piece of writing, or artistic work is about:argument, matter, point, subject matter, text, theme, topic.3. A sphere of activity, experience, study, or interest:area, arena, bailiwick, circle, department, domain, field, orbit, province, realm, scene, terrain, territory, world.Slang: bag.verb1. To lay open, as to something undesirable or injurious:expose.Idiom: open the door to.2. To make subservient or subordinate:enslave, enthrall, subjugate.

Translations

主语主题从属的使受到使服从

subject

(ˈsabdʒikt) adjective (of countries etc) not independent, but dominated by another power. subject nations. 从属的（国家等），未独立的 noun1. a person who is under the rule of a monarch or a member of a country that has a monarchy etc. We are loyal subjects of the Queen; He is a British subject.臣民2. someone or something that is talked about, written about etc. We discussed the price of food and similar subjects; What was the subject of the debate?; The teacher tried to think of a good subject for their essay; I've said all I can on that subject.题目3. a branch of study or learning in school, university etc. He is taking exams in seven subjects; Mathematics is his best subject.科目4. a thing, person or circumstance suitable for, or requiring, a particular kind of treatment, reaction etc. I don't think her behaviour is a subject for laughter.原因5. in English, the word(s) representing the person or thing that usually does the action shown by the verb, and with which the verb agrees. The cat sat on the mat; He hit her because she broke his toy; He was hit by the ball.主语 (səbˈdʒekt) verb1. to bring (a person, country etc) under control. They have subjected all the neighbouring states (to their rule). 使服从，征服 2. to cause to suffer, or submit (to something). He was subjected to cruel treatment; These tyres are subjected to various tests before leaving the factory.使受到subjection (səbˈdʒekʃən) noun 征服，隶属 subjective (səbˈdʒektiv) adjective (of a person's attitude etc) arising from, or influenced by, his own thoughts and feelings only; not objective or impartial. You must try not to be too subjective if you are on a jury in a court of law.主观的subˈjectively adverb主观地subject matter the subject discussed in an essay, book etc. 题材，题目 change the subject to start talking about something different. I mentioned the money to her, but she changed the subject. 改变议题（或话题） subject to1. liable or likely to suffer from or be affected by. He is subject to colds; The programme is subject to alteration. 易患...的，易受...的 2. depending on. These plans will be put into practice next week, subject to your approval. 受制于…，须经...的

subject

→ 主题zhCN

Subject

subject

1. any branch of learning considered as a course of study 2. a person who lives under the rule of a monarch, government, etc. 3. an object, figure, scene, etc., as selected by an artist or photographer for representation 4. Philosophya. that which thinks or feels as opposed to the object of thinking and feeling; the self or the mind b. a substance as opposed to its attributes 5. Music a melodic or thematic phrase used as the principal motif of a fugue, the basis from which the musical material is derived in a sonata-form movement, or the recurrent figure in a rondo 6. Logica. the term of a categorial statement of which something is predicated b. the reference or denotation of the subject term of a statement. The subject of John is tall is not the name John, but John himself 7. being under the power or sovereignty of a ruler, government, etc.

Subject

a major member of a two-part sentence, designating the performer of the action or bearer of the attribute or state contained in the other major member, the predicate (for example: deti igraiut,“the children play”; trava zelenaia,“the grass is green”; dom postroen,“the house is built”).

In most languages, the subject is expressed by the nominative case of nouns, substantive pronouns (“I,” “he,” “someone”), and numerals (“two,” “five”). The subject may also be a substantivized adjective (bol’noi popravliaetsia,“the sick [man] is getting well”), participle (opozdavshie izvinilis’,“the latecomers apologized”), infinitive (chitat—ego strast’,“to read is his passion”), idiomatic word combinations (khodit kto ugodno,“anyone at all walks around”), word combinations of the type otets s synom (“father with son”), and coordinative and asyndetic sequences (voshli otets i syn,“father and son entered”; gibli molodost’, sily, zdorov’e,“youth, strength, health perished”).

As a grammatical category, the subject is to be distinguished from what is called the logical or semantic subject, which may be expressed also in an oblique case (for example, ei plokho,“she feels bad”; u nas radost’,“we have joy”; byt’ groze,“a storm is brewing”). In the Kartvelian-Caucasian languages and certain others, the subject is expressed by the ergative case.

I. N. KRUCHININA

Subject

in the representational arts, an event or situation depicted in a work and often designated in the work’s title. Unlike the theme of a work, the subject is a specific, detailed, graphic, and narrative disclosure of the work’s idea. Historical and genre works of art have particularly complex subjects.

Subject

(in Russian, sub”ekt), in linguistics, a term combining the concepts of a grammatical, logical (communicative or psychological), and semantic subject, in ideal cases expressed by the grammatical subject (podlezhashchee) of a sentence. For example, in the Russian sentence Petr vesel (“Peter is happy”), Petr combines the features of the grammatical, logical, and semantic subjects. The concept of the subject is divided into categories because the grammatical, logical, and semantic organization of a sentence may not coincide.

The grammatical, or formal, subject is the subject (podlezhashchee) of a sentence. The logical subject, or theme, corresponds to the point of departure, the basis of the communication, and the information being imparted. Representatives of the psychological school have called the logical subject the psychological subject, meaning the idea present in the speaker’s mind from the beginning. Some linguists distinguish between the communicative and the logical subject. The semantic subject refers to the word designating the possessor of a given quality or the agent of action. In the sentence Veselo Petru (“Peter is happy”), the answer to the question Komu veselo? (“Who is happy?”), veselo is the logical subject and Petru the semantic subject; the grammatical subject is lacking.

REFERENCES

Paul, H. Printsipy istorii iazyka. Moscow, 1960. (Translated from German.)
Panfilov, V. Z. Grammatika i logika. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963.
Kolshanskii, G. V. Logika istruktura iazyka. Moscow, 1965.
Mathesius, V. “O tak nazyvaemom aktual’nom chlenenii predlozheniia.” In Prazhskii lingvisticheskii kruzhok. Moscow, 1967. (Translated from Czech.)
Alisova, T. B. Ocherki sintaksisa ital’ianskogo iazyka. Moscow, 1971.
Zolotova, G. A. Ocherk funktsional’nogo sintaksisa russkogo iazyka. Moscow, 1973.

N. D. ARUTIUNOVA

Subject

the agent—be it an individual or a social group—of an effected action and of cognition; the source of an activity directed toward an object. In philosophy, the term “subject” has had various meanings. For example, Aristotle used the term to designate individual being as well as matter, or formless substance; for medieval scholasticism, subjects were something real and inherent in things, while objects existed only in the mind.

The modern interpretation of subject begins with R. Descartes, whose sharp juxtaposition of subject and object was the starting point of the analysis of cognition and, in particular, served as a basis for establishing the reliability of knowledge; with the subject seen as the moving principle in the cognitive process, the way was opened for studying the conditions and forms of this process and its subjective premises. I. Kant took the next important step along this path. He revealed some fundamental laws that govern the subject’s internal organization and make it possible to attain universal and necessary knowledge—for example, the doctrine of categories as forms regulating thought; the principle of categorical synthesis; and the concept of the subject as something generic, embracing the entire historical experience of cognition.

G. Hegel worked out an idealistic interpretation of the social and historical nature of the thinking subject. For Hegel, cognition was a suprapersonal process based on the identity of subject, understood as absolute spirit, and object. The pre-Marxist materialists, whose interpretation was a psychologistic one, regarded the subject as an isolated individual whose cognitive faculties are biologically rooted and who only passively reflects external reality.

Dialectical materialism has radically expanded the concept of the subject by linking it directly to the category of practice. In their view the subject is the agent of an effected action and not merely of cognition. Thus the subject’s social and historical nature is newly clarified: according to Marxism, an individual is a self-conscious subject to the extent that he has gained some degree of mastery over human culture—as represented, for example, by the tools of object-oriented activity, forms of language, logical categories, aesthetic norms, and moral values. The subject’s activity is the determining condition that transforms one or another fragment of objective reality into a given object, depending on the subject’s particular form of activity. The assumption here is that the subject, rather than being an entity complete in itself, is an agent that continuously and creatively transforms the environment. The materialist interpretation, having demonstrated the creative nature of the subject, made it possible for Marxism to reveal what is the true subject of history—namely, the popular masses, who are the chief force in the creative and revolutionary transformation of culture and of society as a whole.

REFERENCES

Marx, K. “Tezisy o Feierbakhe.” In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 3.
Lenin, V. I. Filosofskie tetradi. Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 29.
Lektorskii, V. A. Problema sub”ektn i ob”ekta v klassicheskoi i sovremennoi burzhuaznoi filosofü. Moscow, 1965.
Kopnin, P. V. Gnoseologicheskie i logicheskie osnovy nauki. Moscow, 1974.

V. A. LEKTORSKII

subject

(programming)In subject-oriented programming, a subject isa collection of classes or class fragments whose class hierarchy models its domain in its own, subjective way. Asubject may be a complete application in itself, or it may bean incomplete fragment that must be composed with othersubjects to produce a complete application. Subjectcomposition combines class hierarchies to produce new subjectsthat incorporate functionality from existing subjects.

subject

subject

sub·ject

subject

sub•ject

subject

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subject

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subject

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subject

on a (subject or activity) kick

change the subject

drop the subject

subject to (something)

subject (one) to (someone or something)

be subject to (something)

off subject

off the subject

change the subject

Drop the subject!

off the subject

subject someone or something to something

subject to something

change the subject

subject to, be

change the ˈsubject

subject to

Subject

subject

subject

Subject

Subject

Subject

REFERENCES

Subject

REFERENCES

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sub·ject

subject

subject

sub·ject

sub·ject

Patient discussion about subject

Subject

Subject

Subject

Subject

subject

Synonyms for subject

noun topic

Synonyms

noun branch of study

Synonyms

noun participant

Synonyms

noun citizen

Synonyms

noun dependant

Synonyms

adj subordinate

Synonyms

verb put through

Synonyms

phrase subject to: liable to

Synonyms

phrase subject to: bound by

Synonyms

phrase subject to: dependent on

Synonyms

Synonyms for subject

adj in a position of subordination

Synonyms

adj tending to incur

Synonyms

adj determined or to be determined by someone or something else