释义 |
sleep
sleep S0469400 (slēp)n.1. a. A natural periodic state of rest for the mind and body, in which the eyes usually close and consciousness is completely or partially lost, so that there is a decrease in bodily movement and responsiveness to external stimuli. During sleep the brain in humans and other mammals undergoes a characteristic cycle of brain-wave activity that includes intervals of dreaming.b. A period of this form of rest.c. A state of inactivity resembling or suggesting sleep; unconsciousness, dormancy, hibernation, or death.d. A state in which a computer shuts off or reduces power to its peripherals (such as the display or memory) in order to save energy during periods of inactivity.2. Botany The folding together of leaflets or petals at night or in the absence of light.3. A crust of dried tears or mucus normally forming around the inner rim of the eye during sleep.v. slept (slĕpt), sleep·ing, sleeps v.intr.1. To be in the state of sleep or to fall asleep.2. To be in a condition resembling sleep.v.tr.1. To pass or get rid of by sleeping: slept away the day; went home to sleep off the headache.2. To provide sleeping accommodations for: This tent sleeps three comfortably.Phrasal Verbs: sleep around Informal To have sexual relations with a number of different partners in casual encounters. sleep in1. To sleep at one's place of employment: a butler and a chauffeur who sleep in.2. a. To oversleep: I missed the morning train because I slept in.b. To sleep late on purpose: After this week's work, I will sleep in on Saturday. sleep on To think about (something) overnight before deciding. sleep out1. To sleep at one's own home, not at one's place of employment.2. To sleep away from one's home. sleep over To spend the night as a guest in another's home. sleep together To have sexual relations. sleep with To have sexual relations with.Idiom: sleep like a log/rock To sleep very deeply. [Middle English slepe, from Old English slǣp; see slēb- in Indo-European roots.]sleep (sliːp) n1. (Physiology) a periodic state of physiological rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic rate is decreased. See also paradoxical sleep2. (Botany) botany the nontechnical name for nyctitropism3. a period spent sleeping4. a state of quiescence or dormancy5. a poetic or euphemistic word for death6. informal the dried mucoid particles often found in the corners of the eyes after sleepingvb, sleeps, sleeping or slept7. (Physiology) (intr) to be in or as in the state of sleep8. (Botany) (intr) (of plants) to show nyctitropism9. (intr) to be inactive or quiescent10. (tr) to have sleeping accommodation for (a certain number): the boat could sleep six. 11. (foll by: away) to pass (time) sleeping12. (intr) to fail to pay attention13. (intr) poetic or euphemistic to be dead14. sleep on it to give (something) extended consideration, esp overnight[Old English slǣpan; related to Old Frisian slēpa, Old Saxon slāpan, Old High German slāfan, German schlaff limp]sleep (slip) v. slept, sleep•ing, n. v.i. 1. to take the rest afforded by a suspension of voluntary bodily functions and the natural suspension, complete or partial, of consciousness; to cease being awake. 2. Bot. to assume, esp. at night, a state similar to the sleep of animals, marked by closing of petals, leaves, etc. 3. to be dormant, quiescent, or inactive, as faculties. 4. to allow one's alertness or attentiveness to lie dormant. 5. to lie in death. v.t. 6. to take rest in (a specified kind of sleep): to sleep the sleep of the innocent. 7. to have sleeping accommodations for: This trailer sleeps three people. 8. sleep around, to be sexually promiscuous. 9. sleep away, a. to spend or pass (time) in sleep. b. Also, sleep off. to get rid of (a headache, hangover, etc.) by sleeping. 10. sleep in, a. (of domestic help) to sleep where one is employed. b. to sleep beyond one's usual time of arising. 11. sleep on, to postpone making a decision about for at least a day. 12. sleep out, (of domestic help) to sleep away from one's place of employment. 13. sleep over, to sleep in another person's home. 14. sleep together, to be sexual partners. 15. sleep with, to have sexual relations with. n. 16. the state of a person, animal, or plant that sleeps. 17. a period of sleeping. 18. dormancy or inactivity. 19. the repose of death. [before 900; (v.) Middle English slepen, Old English slēpan, slǣpan, slāpan, c. Old High German slāfan, Gothic slepan] sleep (slēp) A natural state of rest, occurring at regular intervals, in which the eyes usually close, the muscles relax, and responsiveness to external events decreases. Growth and repair of the tissues of the body are thought to occur during sleep, and energy is conserved and stored. In humans and some other animals, scientists have identified one phase of sleep (called REM sleep) as the phase in which dreams occur.Did You Know? Shakespeare had it right. He said that sleep was the "balm of hurt minds" and that sleep "knits up the ravel'd sleeve of care." In other words, sleep helps overcome the stress of everyday life. So the third of your life you spend asleep is not a waste of time. All warm-blooded animals have the need to sleep. Studies have shown that animals that are not allowed to sleep for a long enough time can actually die. Babies, human and animal, sleep even more than adults do. Researchers think that babies may sleep so much because it helps the young body continue to develop quickly. Not only are babies' bodies growing, but their brains are, too—and sleep is very important for the brain. During sleep, the brain sorts through experiences and stores important new information for later use. This processing of experiences, in fact, is thought to be a major source of dreams.SleepSee also dreams; fatigue. autohypnotism, autohypnosis1. the process of hypnotizing oneself. 2. the resulting state.Braidismthe practice of hypnotism by Dr. James Braid, British physician, in the mid 19th century.clinomaniaan obsession with bed rest.clinophobiaan abnormal fear or dislike of going to bed.consopitionObsolete, the act of lulling or rocking to sleep.dormancythe state of being dormant or inert.hypnobatea somnambulist, or sleepwalker.hypnobatiasomnambulism. — hypnobate, n.hypnologythe science dealing with the phenomena of sleep and hypnotism. See also hypnosis. — hypnologist, n. — hypnologic, hypnological, adj.hypnomaniaa mania for sleep.hypnopedia, hypnopaediathe art or process of learning while asleep by means of lessons recorded on disk or tapes.hypnophobiaan abnormal fear of sleep.lunambulismthe condition of sleepwalking only in the moonlight. Cf. somnambulism. — lunambulist, n. — lunambulistic, adj.narcoanalysisnarcotherapy.narcohypniaMedicine. a numbness often feit upon waking from sleep.narcolepsyPathology. a condition characterized by frequent and uncontrollable lapses into deep sleep. — narcoleptic, adj. — narcolept, n.narcotherapyPsychiatry. 1. a method of treating certain mental disorders by inducing sleep through barbiturates. 2. a type of psychotherapy involving the use of hypnotic drugs. Also narcoanalysis. — narcotherapist, n.noctambulismsomnambulism. Also noctambulation. — noctambulist, noctambule, n. — noctambulous, noctambulant, noctambulisdc, adj.somnambulismthe condition of sleepwalking. Also called hypnobatia, noctambulism. — somnambulant, n., adj. — somnambulist, n. — somnambulistic, adj.somniloquism1. the tendency to talk in one’s sleep. Also somniloquy. 2. the words spoken. — somniloquist, n. — somniloquous, adj.somnipathya state of sleep induced by hypnosis or mesmerism.somnolencethe condition of drowsiness or sleepiness. Also somnolency, somnolism. — somnolent, adj.Sleep See Also: DREAMS, SNORES - Asleep and dreaming, like bees in cells of honey —Thomas McGuane
The simile completed McGuane’s novel, The Sporting Club, - As near to sleep as a runner waiting for the starter’s pistol —J. B. Priestley
- As sound asleep as a coon in a hollow log —Borden Deal
- Awoke … like some diver emerging from the depths of ocean —Francis King
- (Paul lay in his berth) between wakefulness and sleep, like a partially anesthetized patient —John Cheever
- (Mr. Samuel Pickwick) burst like another sun from his slumbers —Charles Dickens
- Came out of a deep sleep slowly, like a diver pausing at each successive level —Norman Garbo
- Come from sleep as if returning from a far country —Mary Hedin
The simile which begins the story, Blue Transfer, continues with, “A stranger to myself, a stranger to my life.” - Doze and dream like a lazy snake —George Garrett
- Drowsy as an audience for a heavy speech after an even heavier dinner —Anon
- Emerges from slumber like some deep-sea creature hurled floundering and gasping up into the light of day by a depth-charge —Francis King
- Fell into a sleep as blank as paving-stone —Patrick White
- Felt himself falling asleep like gliding down a long slide, like slipping from a float into deep water —Oakley Hall
- Heavy with sleep, like faltering, lisping tongues —Boris Pasternak
- I shall sleep like a top —Sir William Davenant
This simile has outlived the play from which it is taken, The Rivals, as a colloquial expression. A somewhat different version, “Slept like any top” appeared in the German children’s story, Struwelpeter, by Heinrich Hoffman. - I want sleep to water me like begonias —Diane Wakoski
- Kept falling in and out of it [sleep] like out of a boat or a tipping hammock —Rose Tremain
- Lies asleep as softly as a girl dreaming of lovers she cannot keep —F. D. Reeve
Reeves, a poet, is describing a river. - Lying awake like a worried parent —Robert Silverberg
- Nodding, like a tramp on a park bench —Robert Traver
- Not sleeping but dozing awake like a snake on stone —Malcolm Cowley
- Sleep as smooth as banana skins —Diane Wakoski
See Also: SMOOTHNESS - Sleep came over my head like a gunny sack —Ross Macdonald
- Sleep covered him like a breaker —Harris Downey
- Sleep fell on her like a blow —Hortense Calisher
- Sleeping like a lake —Theodore Roethke
- Sleeping like a stone in an empty alcove of the cathedral —Clive Cussler
- Sleep like a dark flood suspended in its course —Percy Bysshe Shelley
- Sleep like a kitten, arrive fresh as a daisy —Slogan, Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad
- Slept like a cocked pistol —Émile Zola
- Slept a great deal, as if years of fatigue had overtaken him —Peter Matthiessen
- Slept almost smiling, as if she had a secret —William Mcllvanney
- (He usually) slept like a corpse —Ring Lardner
- (While the Weary Blues echoed through his head, he) slept like a rock or a man that’s dead —Langston Hughes
- Slept like he’d gone twelve rounds with a pro —Geoffrey Wolff
See Also: WEARINESS - Slumber fell on their tired eyelids like the light rain of spring upon the fresh-turned earth —W. Somerset Maugham
- Sunk into sleep like a stone dropped in a well —John Yount
- Wake abruptly, with an alarm clock which breaks up their sleep like the blow of an ax —Milan Kundera
Sleep drive one’s pigs to market To snore loudly, to log ZZZs. The allusion is probably to the snorting noises of swine being herded to market. This expression is apparently an elaboration of the phrase to drive pigs ‘to snore,’ dating from the early 19th century. forty winks A brief nap; a short period of relaxation. This expression, clearly derived from the closed-eye position assumed during sleep, nevertheless implies that the resting person will not fall sound asleep. It is reputed that the first literary use of the phrase appeared in the November 16, 1872, issue of Punch, in which the writer surmised that the reading of the Thirty-nine Articles of faith by the communicants of the Anglican Church was indeed a somniferous ordeal: If a … man, after reading steadily through the Thirty-nine Articles, were to take forty winks. … hit the deck See EXCLAMATIONS. hit the sack To go to bed; to retire for the night; also, hit the hay. During World War II, sack was substituted for “bed” among American soldiers as an allusion to the sleeping bags or blankets they used as beds. J. J. Fahey used the expression in Pacific War Diary (1943): I hit the sack at 8 P.M. I slept under the stars on a steel ammunition box two feet wide. Variations of the phrase include sack time, sack drill, and sack duty, all military slang for time spent asleep; sack artist, a soldier who is adept at obtaining extra sleep; and sack out, a common term for sleeping until fully refreshed. in the arms of Morpheus In deep sleep; overcome with the desire to sleep. In Greek mythology Morpheus was the god of dreams. The narcotic morphine, which dulls pain and induces sleep, gets its name from the same deity. in the Land of Nod Asleep; in dreamland. After Cain killed Abel, he was banished to wander in the Land of Nod (Genesis 4:16). Land of Nod did not mean sleep until Swift made a pun on the Biblical phrase in his Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (1730). Today Nod retains the meaning of sleep. In the nighttime, when human beings … are absent in the Land of Nod. (Chambers, Journal of Popular Literature, 1900) saw wood To sleep soundly; to snore. This expression came into popular use in the early 20th century primarily as a result of the commonly employed cartoonist’s technique of representing sleep with a drawing of a saw cutting through wood, alluding, of course, to the sound of snoring. shut-eye Sleep. A 20th-century American colloquialism. That shut-eye done me good. (Boyd Cable, Old Contempt, 1919) sleep like a top To sleep soundly, like a log; to be dead to the world. The rationale for the seemingly anomalous reference to a top is explained by Anne Baker in Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases (1854): A top sleeps when it moves with such velocity, and spins so smoothly, that its motion is imperceptible. Likewise, when a Yo-Yo spins swiftly at the end of its string, it is said to “sleep,” without apparent motion. By extension, then, though a person in a deep, peaceful sleep may seem totally motionless, his internal systems are actually working at a high level of efficiency. Juan slept like a top, or like the dead. (George Gordon, Lord Byron, Don Juan, 1819) sleep asleep">asleep1. 'sleep'Sleep can be a noun or a verb. The past tense and -ed participle of the verb is slept. Sleep is the natural state of rest in which you are unconscious with your eyes closed. I haven't been getting enough sleep recently.To sleep means to be in this state of rest. He was so excited he could hardly sleep.I had not slept for three days.2. 'asleep'If someone is in this state, you can use the progressive form and say they are sleeping, but it is more common to say that they are asleep. Don't say, for example, 'He sleeps'. She was asleep when we walked in.I thought someone had been in the house while I was sleeping.To say how long someone was in this state, or to talk about where or how someone usually sleeps, use sleep rather than asleep. She slept for almost ten hours.Where does the baby sleep?Be Careful! Asleep is only used after a verb. Don't use it in front of a noun. Don't, for example, say 'an asleep child'. Instead use sleeping. I glanced down at the sleeping figure.She was carrying a sleeping baby.Don't say that someone is 'very asleep' or 'completely asleep'. Instead say that they are sound asleep or fast asleep. The baby is still sound asleep.You were fast asleep when I left.3. 'go to sleep'When someone changes from being awake to being asleep, you say that they go to sleep. Both the children had gone to sleep.Go to sleep and stop worrying about it.4. 'fall asleep'When someone goes to sleep suddenly or unexpectedly, you say that they fall asleep. The moment my head touched the pillow I fell asleep.Marco fell asleep watching TV.5. 'get to sleep'When someone goes to sleep with difficulty, for example because of noise or worries, you say that they get to sleep. Could you turn that radio down I'm trying to get to sleep.I didn't get to sleep until four in the morning.6. 'go back to sleep'When someone goes to sleep again after being woken up, you say that they go back to sleep. She rolled over and went back to sleep.Go back to sleep, it's only five a.m.7. 'send someone to sleep'If something causes you to sleep, you say that it sends you to sleep. I brought him a hot drink, hoping it would send him to sleep.I tried to read the books but they sent me to sleep.sleep Past participle: slept Gerund: sleeping
Present |
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I sleep | you sleep | he/she/it sleeps | we sleep | you sleep | they sleep |
Preterite |
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I slept | you slept | he/she/it slept | we slept | you slept | they slept |
Present Continuous |
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I am sleeping | you are sleeping | he/she/it is sleeping | we are sleeping | you are sleeping | they are sleeping |
Present Perfect |
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I have slept | you have slept | he/she/it has slept | we have slept | you have slept | they have slept |
Past Continuous |
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I was sleeping | you were sleeping | he/she/it was sleeping | we were sleeping | you were sleeping | they were sleeping |
Past Perfect |
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I had slept | you had slept | he/she/it had slept | we had slept | you had slept | they had slept |
Future |
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I will sleep | you will sleep | he/she/it will sleep | we will sleep | you will sleep | they will sleep |
Future Perfect |
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I will have slept | you will have slept | he/she/it will have slept | we will have slept | you will have slept | they will have slept |
Future Continuous |
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I will be sleeping | you will be sleeping | he/she/it will be sleeping | we will be sleeping | you will be sleeping | they will be sleeping |
Present Perfect Continuous |
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I have been sleeping | you have been sleeping | he/she/it has been sleeping | we have been sleeping | you have been sleeping | they have been sleeping |
Future Perfect Continuous |
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I will have been sleeping | you will have been sleeping | he/she/it will have been sleeping | we will have been sleeping | you will have been sleeping | they will have been sleeping |
Past Perfect Continuous |
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I had been sleeping | you had been sleeping | he/she/it had been sleeping | we had been sleeping | you had been sleeping | they had been sleeping |
Conditional |
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I would sleep | you would sleep | he/she/it would sleep | we would sleep | you would sleep | they would sleep |
Past Conditional |
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I would have slept | you would have slept | he/she/it would have slept | we would have slept | you would have slept | they would have slept | ThesaurusNoun | 1. | sleep - a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended; "he didn't get enough sleep last night"; "calm as a child in dreamless slumber"slumbersleeping - the state of being asleepnonrapid eye movement, nonrapid eye movement sleep, NREM, NREM sleep, orthodox sleep - a recurring sleep state during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming does not occur; accounts for about 75% of normal sleep timeparadoxical sleep, rapid eye movement, rapid eye movement sleep, REM, REM sleep - a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleepshuteye - informal term for sleepphysical condition, physiological condition, physiological state - the condition or state of the body or bodily functions | | 2. | sleep - a torpid state resembling deep sleepsoporphysical condition, physiological condition, physiological state - the condition or state of the body or bodily functions | | 3. | sleep - a period of time spent sleeping; "he felt better after a little sleep"; "there wasn't time for a nap"napperiod, period of time, time period - an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period"beauty sleep - sleep before midnightkip - sleep; "roused him from his kip" | | 4. | sleep - euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb); "she was laid to rest beside her husband"; "they had to put their family pet to sleep"eternal rest, eternal sleep, quietus, restdeath - the absence of life or state of being dead; "he seemed more content in death than he had ever been in life" | Verb | 1. | sleep - be asleepcatch some Z's, kip, log Z's, slumberrest - be at restpractice bundling, bundle - sleep fully clothed in the same bed with one's betrothedcatch a wink, catnap, nap - take a siesta; "She naps everyday after lunch for an hour"sleep in, sleep late - sleep later than usual or customary; "On Sundays, I sleep in"hibernate, hole up - sleep during winter; "Bears must eat a lot of food before they hibernate in their caves"aestivate, estivate - sleep during summer; "certain animals estivate"sleep in, sleep late - sleep later than usual or customary; "On Sundays, I sleep in"live in, sleep in - live in the house where one works; "our babysitter lives in, as it is too far to commute for her"sleep out, live out - work in a house where one does not live; "our cook lives out; he can easily commute from his home"wake - be awake, be alert, be there | | 2. | sleep - be able to accommodate for sleeping; "This tent sleeps six people"accommodate, admit, hold - have room for; hold without crowding; "This hotel can accommodate 250 guests"; "The theater admits 300 people"; "The auditorium can't hold more than 500 people" |
sleepnoun1. slumber(s), rest, nap, doze, kip (Brit. slang), snooze (informal), repose, hibernation, siesta, dormancy, beauty sleep (informal), forty winks (informal), shuteye (slang), zizz (Brit. informal) Try and get some sleep.verb1. slumber, drop off (informal), doze, kip (Brit. slang), snooze (informal), snore, hibernate, nod off (informal), take a nap, catnap, drowse, go out like a light, take forty winks (informal), zizz (Brit. informal), be in the land of Nod, rest in the arms of Morpheus I've not been able to sleep for the last few nights.2. accommodate, take, house, hold, lodge, cater for, have space for, have beds for The villa sleeps 10.get to sleep fall asleep, drop off, nod off I can't get to sleep with all that noise.lose any or much sleep about or over something worry, brood, fret, obsess, be anxious, agonize, feel uneasy, get distressed I didn't lose any sleep over that investigation.put something to sleep put down, destroy, put out of its misery We took the dog down to the vet's and had her put to sleep.sleep over stay the night, stay over She said his friends could sleep over.sleep together have sex, have sexual intercourse, make love, fuck (taboo slang), screw (taboo slang), shag (taboo slang), do the business, get it on (informal), fornicate (archaic), go to bed together I'm pretty sure they slept together.sleep with someone have sex with, make love with, fuck (taboo slang), screw (taboo slang), shag (taboo slang), go to bed with, have sexual intercourse with, get it on with (informal), do the business with, fornicate with (archaic) He was old enough to sleep with a girl and make her pregnant.Related words like hypnomania fear hypnophobiaQuotations "Oh Sleep! it is a gentle thing," "Beloved from pole to pole," "To Mary Queen the praise be given!" "She sent the gentle sleep from Heaven," "That slid into my soul" [Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Ancient Mariner] "Come, sleep, O sleep, the certain knot of peace," "The baiting place of wit, the balm of woe" [Philip Sidney Astrophil and Stella] "to sleep: perchance to dream" [William Shakespeare Hamlet] "sleep the twin of death" [Homer Iliad] "The sleep of a labouring man is sweet" Bible: Ecclesiastes "Care-charmer Sleep, son of the sable Night," "Brother to Death, in silent darkness born" [Samuel Daniel Delia] "Care-charming Sleep, thou easer of all woes," "Brother to Death" [John Fletcher Wit Without Money] "I sleep like a baby. I wake up every 10 minutes screaming" [Boris Jordan]Proverbs "One hour's sleep before midnight is worth two after"sleepnounThe natural recurring condition of suspended consciousness by which the body rests:slumber.Slang: shuteye.Idioms: land of Nod, the arms of Morpheus.verbTo be asleep:slumber.Idioms: be in the land of Nod, catch some shuteye, sleep like a log, sleep tight.phrasal verb sleep inTo sleep longer than intended:oversleep.phrasal verb sleep withTo engage in sexual relations with:bed, copulate, couple, have, mate, take.Idioms: go to bed with, make love, make whoopee, roll in the hay.Translationssleep (sliːp) – past tense, past participle slept (slept) – verb to rest with the eyes closed and in a state of natural unconsciousness. Goodnight – sleep well!; I can't sleep – my mind is too active. 睡覺 睡眠 noun (a) rest in a state of natural unconsciousness. It is bad for you to have too little sleep, since it makes you tired; I had only four hours' sleep last night. 睡眠 睡眠ˈsleeper noun1. a person who sleeps. Nothing occurred to disturb the sleepers. 睡眠者 睡眠者2. a berth or compartment for sleeping, on a railway train. I'd like to book a sleeper on the London train. 火車上的臥鋪或臥艙 卧铺ˈsleepless adjective without sleep. He spent a sleepless night worrying about the situation. 徹夜未眠的,失眠的 不眠的,失眠的 ˈsleepy adjective1. inclined to sleep; drowsy. I feel very sleepy after that long walk. 想睡的 瞌睡的2. not (seeming to be) alert. She always has a sleepy expression. (看起來)睏倦的 困倦的3. (of places etc) very quiet; lacking entertainment and excitement. a sleepy town. 寂靜的,死氣沉沉的 寂静的ˈsleepily adverb 昏昏欲睡地,睏倦地,死氣沉沉地 困倦地,想睡地 ˈsleepiness noun 昏昏欲睡,死氣沉沉 困倦,想睡 ˈsleeping-bag noun a kind of large warm bag for sleeping in, used by campers etc. 睡袋 睡袋ˈsleeping-pill / ˈsleeping-tablet nouns a kind of pill that can be taken to make one sleep. She tried to commit suicide by swallowing an overdose of sleeping-pills. 安眠藥 安眠药片ˈsleepwalk verb to walk about while asleep. She was sleepwalking again last night. 夢遊 梦游ˈsleepwalker noun 夢遊者 梦游者put to sleep1. to cause (a person or animal) to become unconscious by means of an anaesthetic; to anaesthetize. The doctor will give you an injection to put you to sleep. 麻醉 使麻醉2. to kill (an animal) painlessly, usually by the injection of a drug. As she was so old and ill my cat had to be put to sleep. (將動物)安樂死 安逸死(以人道方法杀死动物) sleep like a log/top to sleep very well and soundly. 沉睡 熟睡sleep off to recover from (something) by sleeping. She's in bed sleeping off the effects of the party. 睡一覺消除(疲勞等) 以睡眠消除...sleep on to put off making a decision about (something) overnight. I'll sleep on it and let you know tomorrow. 徹夜苦思 彻夜苦思- I can't sleep for the noise → 噪音这么大我无法睡觉
- I can't sleep for the heat → 太热,我无法睡觉
- I can't sleep → 我无法入眠
- Did you sleep well? → 您睡得好吗?
sleep See:- (I've) got to go home and get my beauty sleep
- a sleepwalk
- a wink of sleep
- be able to (do something) in (one's) sleep
- be able to do something in your sleep
- be sleeping at the switch
- be sleeping at the wheel
- be sleeping on the job
- be sleeping with the fishes
- beauty sleep
- big sleep
- cosleep
- could (do something) in (one's) sleep
- cry (oneself) to sleep
- cry oneself to sleep
- deep sleep
- don't sleep on (someone or something)
- drift off to sleep
- drink (oneself) to sleep
- eternal sleep
- fox's sleep
- get (one's) beauty sleep
- get off to sleep
- get your beauty sleep
- go to sleep
- got to go home and get my beauty sleep
- how can you sleep at night
- in a sound sleep
- in the altogether
- let sleeping dogs lie
- live/sleep rough
- lose sleep
- lose sleep over
- lose sleep over (someone or something)
- lose sleep over, to
- lull (one) to sleep
- lull to sleep
- not get a wink of sleep
- not lose (any) sleep (over someone or something)
- not lose any sleep over somebody/something
- not lose any sleep over something
- not sleep a wink
- one hour's sleep before midnight is worth two after
- put (one) to sleep
- put (something) to sleep
- put somebody/something to sleep
- put something to sleep
- put to sleep
- read (oneself) to sleep
- read oneself to sleep
- rock to (something)
- sing (one) to sleep
- sing to sleep
- sleep a wink, not
- sleep around
- sleep around the clock
- sleep away
- sleep fest
- sleep in
- sleep it off
- sleep like a
- sleep like a baby
- sleep like a log
- sleep like a log/top
- sleep like a log/top, to
- sleep like a rock
- sleep like a top
- sleep off
- sleep on
- sleep on (someone or something)
- sleep on (something)
- sleep on it
- sleep on something
- sleep on something, to
- sleep out
- sleep over
- sleep rough
- sleep the sleep of the just
- sleep through
- sleep tight
- sleep tight!
- sleep together
- sleep with
- sleep with (one)
- sleep with one eye open
- sleep with the fishes
- sleeping at the switch
- sleeping giant
- sleeping on (someone or something)
- sleeping partner
- sleeping policeman
- sob (oneself) to sleep
- sob oneself to sleep
- someone could do something in their sleep
- stop sleeping on (someone or something)
- the sleep of the just
- twenty winks
sleep
sleep, resting state in which an individual becomes relatively quiescent and relatively unaware of the environment. During sleep, which is in part a period of rest and relaxation, most physiological functions such as body temperature, blood pressure, and rate of breathing and heartbeat decrease. However, sleep is also a time of repair and growth, and some tissues, e.g., epithelium, proliferate more rapidly during sleep. Sleep also aids in the strengthening of memories, and researchers have discovered that an increased circulation of fluids in the brain during sleep removes waste products from the brain. In humans, sleep occurs in cyclical patterns; in each cycle of 1 1-2 to 2 hr, the sleeper moves through four stages of sleep, from Stage 1 to Stage 4, and back again to Stage 1. In the first stage, low-frequency, low-amplitude theta waves characterize brain activity. The stage usually lasts only several minutes, before the individual drifts into Stage 2 sleep, and the brain moves into low-frequency, high-amplitude waves. Stage 3 signals an increase of low-frequency, high-amplitude delta waves, and at Stage 4 sleep these delta waves account for more than half of all brain wave activity (see electroencephalographyelectroencephalography , science of recording and analyzing the electrical activity of the brain. Electrodes, placed on or just under the scalp, are linked to an electroencephalograph, which is an amplifier connected to a mechanism that converts electrical impulses into the ..... Click the link for more information. ). Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep occurs during Stage 1 sleep at the end of each cycle, and people woken up at this time usually report that they have been dreaming. Dream deprivation or sleep deprivation results in detrimental changes in personality, perceptual processes, and intellectual functioning. There is some evidence that emotional and environmental deprivation disrupts the sleep patterns of young children, which in turn inhibits the secretion of growth hormone, normally secreted maximally during sleep. The amount of sleep needed depends on both the individual and the environment: For instance, worrying, critical individuals tend to need both more sleep and more dream sleep than easygoing ones, and stress and worry during the day result in an increase in REM sleep. It has been hypothesized that while deeper stages of sleep are physically restorative, REM sleep is psychically restorative. REM sleep is also believed to integrate new information in the brain and to reactivate the sleeping brain without waking the sleeper. There is evidence that the hypothalamus and thalamus of the brain initiate sleep and that part of the midbrain acts as an arousal system. See also dreamdream, mental activity associated with the rapid-eye-movement (REM) period of sleep. It is commonly made up of a number of visual images, scenes or thoughts expressed in terms of seeing rather than in those of the other senses or in words. ..... Click the link for more information. ; insomniainsomnia, abnormal wakefulness or inability to sleep. The condition may result from illness or physical discomfort, or it may be caused by stimulants such as coffee or drugs. However, frequently some psychological factor, such as worry or tension, is the cause. ..... Click the link for more information. ; narcolepsynarcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and recurring unwanted episodes of sleep ("sleep attacks"). People with narcolepsy may abruptly fall asleep at almost any time, including while talking, eating, or even walking. ..... Click the link for more information. ; sleep apneasleep apnea, episodes of interrupted breathing during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in which relaxation of muscles in the throat repeatedly close off the airway during sleep; the person wakes just enough to take a gasping breath. ..... Click the link for more information. . Sleep in man and higher animals, a periodic physiological state of the brain and body outwardly manifested by inertia and reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. During sleep, conscious mental activity is subjectively inhibited, although it is restored from time to time during dreams, which are subsequently often forgotten. Periods of inactivity are characteristic of lower animals, but the extent to which they correspond functionally to the sleep exhibited by higher animals has not been determined. Physiological manifestations. Research that has been conducted since the 1950’s on the internal organization and mechanisms of sleep has relied chiefly on electrophysiological methods to reveal that sleep is not a single homogeneous state but a series of at least two states (sleep phases). The states differ sharply in manifestations, brain mechanisms, and functions and are still not completely understood. Scientists who have done research in this area include the American scientists N. Kleitman, E. Aserinsky, and W. Dement and the French scientist M. Jouvet. The first sleep phase—nonrapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM sleep)—is characterized by a shift in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the form of a slowing of the rhythm of oscillations of the potential. In man, a regular succession of changes in physiological parameters permit four stages to be distinguished in NREM sleep. (In animals, the differentiation of stages is less pronounced.) The first stage—drowsiness—is manifested by the inhibition of the main rhythm of calm wakefulness (alpha rhythm at a frequency of 8-13 oscillations per sec) and the replacement of the main rhythm by a flattened EEG curve in the form of a slightly oscillating, almost straight line against a background of slow- and fast-frequency low-amplitude oscillations. The oscillations are sometimes in the form of distinct rhythms in frequency ranges of 5-6 and 18-35 oscillations per sec. The second stage—sleep spindling—is the onset of sleep proper. It is distinguished by the appearance in the EEG of a spindle-like short series of waves in the beta rhythm at a frequency of 13-16 oscillations per sec. The waves are sometimes combined with sharp waves (diphasic slow-frequency, high-amplitude waves, or the K-complex). The third stage is marked by regular slow waves (delta rhythm at a frequency of 1-4 oscillations per sec) with some spindling superimposed. In the fourth stage slow high-amplitude waves at a frequency of 0.5-2 oscillations per sec are dominant. The third and fourth stages are often referred to as slow-wave sleep (SWS) or deep sleep. NREM sleep is characterized by a decrease in skeletal muscle tone (according to electromyographic data). Respiration and heart rates also slow down, although they accelerate somewhat in SWS sleep. The eyes are either motionless or make slow oscillating movements in the first and second stages. When a person is awakened from NREM sleep, he usually denies having experienced mental activity while asleep or (generally in the first and second stages) reports having been engaged in thoughtlike activity, such as pondering the past day’s events. Dreaming is rare. In SWS sleep such manifestations of unconscious mental activity as sleepwalking (somnambulism), sleeptalking, and nightmares in children may occur, of which nothing is recalled upon awakening. The effectiveness of arousal in the NREM phase diminishes from the first to fourth stages, resulting in a steady deepening of sleep in these stages. The second phase of sleep is known as rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM sleep), fast sleep, active sleep, or paradoxical sleep. It is characterized by a unique combination of manifestations of deep sleep and superficial sleep. In this phase the EEG reflects the transition from a slow to a more rapid low-amplitude rhythm similar to the first stage of NREM sleep and even wakefulness. Under normal conditions, REM sleep occurs after the period of NREM sleep and is characterized by tonic (stable) and phasic (brief) manifestations. Tonic manifestations include the above-described change in the EEG, a sharp decrease in the tone of the neck muscles, the inhibition of cerebrospinal reflexes, and an increase in cerebral blood flow. Experiments on animals have also revealed that the brain temperature rises and a characteristic regular rhythm develops in the brain’s limbic system. Phasic manifestations include sawtooth discharges in the EEG, rapid eye movements (solitary or grouped together), twitching of the muscles of the face and extremities, irregular cardiac and respiratory rhythms, and increases in blood pressure. Unusual manifestations of the activity of a cat’s brain have been revealed by attached electrodes. The manifestations are in the form of surges of potential, or pontogeniculo-occipital peaks, which arise in the pons reticular formation and spread to the subcortical and cortical parts of the visual system. Of those awakened from REM sleep, 80-90 percent describe dreams characterized by coherent, vivid and life-like visual images with elements of unreality and fantasy that are usually without any direct bearing on the events of the preceding day. Temporal organization. NREM and REM sleep phases constitute a sleep cycle lasting 90-100 min that recurs three to five times a night during normal sleep. In the initial cycles, NREM sleep encompasses all its stages and REM sleep is brief. The first period of REM sleep usually occurs 60-90 min after falling asleep and lasts several min. SWS sleep decreases in duration in subsequent cycles until it does not occur at all in the morning sleep cycles, and REM sleep lengthens considerably. The cycle of NREM and REM sleep is a manifestation of one of the basic biological rhythms of the body. The two sleep phases and the cyclicity of sleep are characteristic of all warm-blooded animals, including mammals and birds, with the exception of echidnas. Cycles of NREM and REM sleep are virtually identical from marsupials to man. The sleep of newborns is characterized by multiple phases and consists primarily of REM sleep. NREM sleep develops toward the end of the second or the beginning of the third week of life. As children grow, their sleep gradually becomes monophasic and clearly confined to a particular period of the daily biorhythm. REM sleep becomes briefer, and by the age of 10–15 years it constitutes an average of 20 percent of the total sleep time, as it does in adults. The length of REM sleep remains unchanged until the age of 60-70 years, when it again decreases. NREM sleep, including SWS sleep, increases in duration during childhood simultaneously with the decrease in REM sleep. SWS sleep constitutes 25 percent of sleep time during this period. Between the ages of 20 and 30 SWS sleep steadily decreases in length until it completely disappears in old age. SWS sleep and REM sleep are very important factors in the integral activity of the brain. The brain responds to the selective elimination of a phase by compensatory increases in the deprived phase, which is manifested by an increase in the duration of the phase in the initial recovery periods of sleep. Total sleep deprivation results in a decrease in work capacity and in mental disturbances, including hallucinations. In the recovery period, there is a compensatory increase in SWS sleep and then in REM sleep. Mechanisms. Sleep arises from a ramified system of neuronal structures embracing virtually all parts of the brain, with different parts of the system performing different functions. The mechanisms directly responsible for inducing NREM sleep are associated with the medulla oblongata and thalamus; they are called synchronizing mechanisms. The mechanisms that directly induce REM sleep are associated with the pons reticular formation. The onset of both NREM and REM sleep depends on the activity of neurons located in the brainstem. These neurons influence other neurons (specifically, those in the higher parts of the brain) through the chemical transmitter serotonin. Neuronal structures located at the base of the prosencephalon and diencephalon play a special role in the mechanisms governing the natural alternation of wakefulness and sleep phases. Signals from various parts of the brain as well as from the external and internal environments may affect sleep through the above-mentioned mechanisms. The activity of individual neurons in different parts of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures during NREM sleep is almost the same as during calm wakefulness. The activity is more intense during REM sleep, that is, it is comparable to neuronal activity during active wakefulness. The fact that the brain is active during sleep is also evidenced by increases in cerebral blood flow and oxygen absorption during NREM sleep and especially during REM sleep. Despite their qualitative differences, the mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness constitute a single self-regulating functional system that enables the body to adapt to the various conditions of existence. Theories. The principal theories of sleep as an interruption in the activity of the nerve cells (neurons) of the brain are being substantially reappraised on the basis of recent findings on the processes and cerebral mechanisms of sleep. One of these theories is based on the toxic origin of sleep. The French scientists R. Legendre and H. Pieron theorized that wakefulness is accompanied by the body’s formation of special substances—hypnotoxins—that poison brain cells and thereby induce sleep. During sleep the body supposedly frees itself from these substances. In the 1970’s, the hypnotoxin theory was partially revived after substances of a polypeptide nature were isolated from the blood of a sleeping animal; injection of the substances into another animal caused it to fall asleep quickly. According to I. P. Pavlov’s theory of diffuse cortical inhibition, sleep is caused by the inhibition of the neurons of the cerebral hemispheres and subcortical structures. The inhibition spreads from a specific part of the cortex, where internal inhibition develops as a result of conditioned-reflex activity. Although the direct investigation of neuronal activity in higher parts of the brain showed that the onset of sleep is associated with the reorganization of neuronal activity and not its inhibition, this theory was important in the analysis of the participation of external conditions in the onset of sleep and the identification of the role of the cerebral cortex. In the 1920’s a theory was advanced that linked the alternation of sleep and wakefulness to the activity of a special sleep-inducing center in the diencephalic structures, including the hypothalamus and thalamus. This theory was proposed by the Austrian scientist C. von Economo, who conducted clinical and anatomical observations of individuals with lethargic encephalitis. The theory was also based on experiments conducted by the Swiss scientist W. Hess on the direct electrostimulation of animal diencephalic structures through attached electrodes. The role of the hypothalamicohypophyseal system in the origin of sleep was demonstrated by the Soviet scientist A. V. Tonkikh. The theory’s shortcomings were associated with its attempt to correlate a complex function with a specific brain center. Nevertheless, the theory of a sleep center was the starting point for modern sleep research. The theory emphasized the unequal participation of different parts of the brain in the onset of sleep and the relationship between sleep and the active state of some of these parts. Subsequent studies by F. Bremer of Belgium, H. Magoun of the USA, and G. Moruzzi of Italy helped elucidate the function of the reticular formation of the brainstem in maintaining wakefulness. These studies became the basis of a theory that linked the onset of sleep to the suppression of the ascending influences of the reticular formation that activate the higher parts of the brain. However, the onset of sleep depends not so much on the inhibition of the cerebral apparatus controlling wakefulness as it does on the activity of special hypnogenic mechanisms. All the theories mentioned above regard sleep as a state of rest and an interlude in neuronal activity during which neurons are inhibited, producing a regeneration of the energy resources spent during the period of wakefulness. However, the results of the direct study of the activity of cerebral neurons and many energy parameters, including cerebral blood flow and O2 absorption, contradict this view. Since the 1960’s attention has been drawn to the idea of sleep as an integral brain activity uniquely organized and associated with the analysis of information obtained during the preceding period of wakefulness. It is believed that during sleep the brain assesses, screens, and transfers information to long-term memory, reorganizes and improves existing brain programs on the basis of this information, and develops psychological-defense mechanisms to cope with emotional stress. Although this theory has not been proven, it is supported by the results of research on the influence of different types of sleep on the learning process, memory, and emotional reactions. Other theories have also been proposed on the nature of sleep. For example, theories exist that associate sleep with biosynthesis processes in the brain (chiefly of proteins and nucleic acids) and with the training of the oculomotor system. REFERENCESAnokhin, P. K. Biologiia i neirofiziologüa uslovnogo refleksa. Moscow, 1968. Latash, L. P. Gipotalamus, prisposobitel’naia aktivnost’ i elektroentsefalogramma. Moscow, 1968. Vein, A. M. Bodrstvovanie i son. Moscow, 1970. Shepoval’nikov, A. N. Aktivnost’ spiashchego mozga. Leningrad, 1971. Sleeping Brain. Edited by M. H. Chase. Los Angeles, 1972. Jouvet, M. “Neurophysiology of the States of Sleep.” Physiological Review, 1967, vol. 47, no. 2. Jouvet, M. “Some Monoaminergic Mechanisms Controlling Sleep and Waking.” In Brain and Human Behavior. Heidelberg-New York, 1972. Pages 131-60. Sleep, Physiology and Pathology. Philadelphia-Toronto, 1969. Koella, W. P. Sleep. Springfield, 111., 1967. Basic Sleep Mechanisms. Edited by O. Petre-Quadens and J. Schlag. New York-London, 1974.L. P. LATASHDisturbances. Sleep time may become abnormally short or long. A decrease in sleep time (insomnia) is accompanied by qualitative sleep disturbances, difficulty in falling asleep, restless and light sleep, vivid and often frightening dreams, early awakening, and a sense of fatigue. Sometimes the individual is not able to sleep at all. Special investigations using modern techniques that graphically record brain activity have shown that sleep is never completely absent and that the term “insomnia” does not reflect the real state of the brain. There are usually five to six hours of sleep with insomnia. The sleep’s qualitative characteristics rather than the length of sleep time, whether it is 5 or 9 hours, is the measurement of the sufficiency of sleep. Insomniacs take longer to fall asleep, exhibit changes in the normal structure and quality of sleep phases, and wake up more often. Sleep disturbances are not independent diseases but the consequences of various factors, most often neuroses. They are associated with 80 percent of all cases of neuroses. Emotional instability, anxiety, depression, fear, and excessive fatigue contribute significantly to the development of sleep disturbances. Other causative factors may be schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and other mental diseases, many neurological diseases, diseases of the internal organs and endocrine system, metabolic disturbances accompanied by pain, the poisoning of the nervous system, and a decrease in the oxygen saturation of the brain. Apparently healthy individuals also suffer from sleep disturbances. The populations of economically developed countries are apt to suffer from different forms of insomnia as a result of the nervous tension brought on by modern life-styles. Pathologically excessive sleep, or hypersomnia, is a characteristic manifestation of various diseases. Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness, nightmares while falling asleep, and poor sleep at night. Pickwickian syndrome (cardiopulmonary insufficiency associated with obesity) is accompanied by constant drowsiness during the day and sleep disturbances at night. Lethargy is manifested either by daytime sleep from which arousal is impossible or by hypersomnia. In the latter case, a lethargic individual usually awakens to eat or perform physiological functions. The treatment of sleep disturbances depends on the nature of the main disease. Emotional stability must be achieved through the proper organization of work and rest, the use of psychotropic drugs, and psychotherapy. Hypnotics are used only in conjunction with causal treatment and only when prescribed by a physician. It is best to start and continue as long as possible with small doses of the weakest hypnotics. Individual techniques for falling asleep should be devised. Narcolepsy is treated with preparations that stimulate brain activity, and the principal means of treating pickwickian syndrome is by losing weight. Periodic somnolence of a psychogenic nature is treated as a neurosis. In cases of lethargy resulting from an organic brain affection, the underlying disease is treated.REFERENCEVein, A. M. Narusheniia sna i bodrstvovaniia. Moscow, 1974.A. M. VEIN sleep[′slēp] (computer science) State of a computer system that halts, or a program that appears to be doing nothing because the program is caught in an endless loop. (physiology) A state of rest in which consciousness and activity are diminished. SleepAminain her sleep, walks on a dangerous bridge, complaining of her unhappiness. [Ital. Opera: La Sonnambula in Osborne Opera]Cupidwhile sleeping, revealed by Psyche’s lamp as her lover. [Gk. Myth.: Benét, 822]Deiphobuswhile sleeping, he is betrayed by Helen and slain by Menelaus. [Rom. Lit.: Aeneid VI]dormousesnoozes all through the mad tea-party. [Br. Lit.: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland]Endymionman kept immortally youthful through eternal sleep. [Gk. Myth.: Howe, 91]Epimenidesphilosopher nods off for 57 years in cave. [Gk. Legend: LLEI, I: 283]hypnale aspwhich kills by inducing sleep. [Medieval Animal Symbolism: White, 174]Hypnosgod of slumber. [Gk. Myth.: Hall, 250]Joe (Fat Boy)“Damn that boy, he’s gone to sleep again.” [Br. Lit.: Dickens Pickwick Papers]Lady Macbethwhile sleepwalking, discloses her terrible deeds. [Br. Drama: Shakespeare Macbeth]land of Nodmythical land of sleep; humorous reference to biblical land in Genesis. [Am. and Br. Usage; O.T.: Genesis 4:16]Morpheus Hypno’sson and god of dreams. [Gk. Myth.: Howe, 172]poppyattribute of Hypnos, Greek god of sleep. [Art: Hall, 250]Sandmaninduces sleep by sprinkling sand in children’s eyes. [Folklore: Brewer Dictionary, 966]Seven Sleepersyouths who fled Decian persecution; slept for more than 200 years. [Christian and Muslim Tradition: Benét, 918]Sleeping Beautyenchanted heroine awakened from century of slumber by prince’s kiss. [Fairy Tale: Brewer Dictionary, 1011]Snow Whitepoisoned apple induces her sleep; prince awakens her. [Children’s Lit.: Bettelheim, 213]Somnusgod of sleep; son of Nox. [Rom. Myth.: Wheeler, 349]Van Winkle, Ripslept for 20 years, thereby missing war. [Am. Lit.: “Rip Van Winkle” in Hart, 714]Winkie, Wee Williemade sure all the children were asleep. [Nurs. Rhyme: Opie, 424]sleep1. a periodic state of physiological rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic rate is decreased 2. Botany the nontechnical name for nyctitropism www.sleepfoundation.org www.stanford.edu/~dementsleep (operating system, multitasking)(Or "block") When aprocess on a multitasking system asks the scheduler todeactivate it until some given external event (e.g. aninterrupt or a specified time delay) occurs.
The alternative is to poll or "busy wait" for the eventbut this uses processing power.
Also used in the phrase "sleep on" (or "block on") someexternal event, meaning to wait for it.
E.g. the Unix command of the same name which pauses thecurrent process for a given number of seconds.sleep (hardware)To go into partial deactivation to save power.sleep(1) An inactive state. See sleep mode.
(2) A delay in processing. In a programming language, a sleep statement creates a delay for a specified period of time.
(3) An inactive state of a program. The program resumes processing after receiving a signal.sleep
sleep [slēp] a period of rest for the body and mind, during which volition and consciousness are in partial or complete abeyance and the bodily functions partially suspended. Sleep has also been described as a behavioral state marked by characteristic immobile posture and diminished but readily reversible sensitivity to external stimuli. NREM and REM Sleep. Prior to the discovery and reporting of rapid eye movements during sleep, it was thought that sleep was a single state of passive recuperation in which the central nervous system was deactivated. Studies concerned with the measurement of central and autonomic activities during sleep have led to its division into two types: non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, also called orthodox or synchronized (S) sleep; and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (so called because of the rapid eye movements during this stage), also called paradoxical or desynchronized (D) sleep. On the basis of electroencephalographic (EEG) criteria, NREM sleep is subdivided into four stages. Stage 1 is observed immediately after sleep begins or after momentary arousals and is characterized by low-voltage, mixed-frequency EEG tracing, with predominantly theta-wave activity (four to seven hertz, that is, cycles per second). Stage 2 is characterized by intermittent waves of 12 to 16 hertz, known as sleep spindles.Stages 3 and 4 consist of relatively high voltage EEG tracings with a predominance of delta wave activity (one to two hertz). The EEG patterns of NREM sleep suggest that this is the kind of apparently restful state that supports the recuperative functions assigned to sleep. NREM sleep is increased after physical activity and has a relatively high priority among humans in the recovery sleep following extended periods of wakefulness. Within 90 minutes after sleep begins, an adult progresses through all four stages of NREM sleep and then proceeds into the first of a series of REM periods of sleep. Brief cycles of about 10 to 30 minutes of REM sleep recur throughout the night, alternating with various stages of NREM sleep. With each cycle, NREM sleep decreases and REM sleep increases so that by the end of the night most of the sleep is REM sleep, which is when dreams occur. While everyone dreams every night, many do not remember dreaming; most people are aware, however, that they dream more just before rising. In addition to the rapid eye movements that can be observed through closed eyelids, REM sleep can be recognized by complete relaxation of the lower jaw. Convulsions, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias are more likely to occur during REM sleep. This is probably because of increased autonomic activity, irregular pulse, and fluctuations in blood pressure, which are all typical of REM sleep.Patterns of Sleep. Although the average adult spends approximately 25 percent of total accumulated sleep in REM sleep and 75 percent in NREM sleep, the cyclic changes vary with individuals. The pattern of sleep, in addition to the REM and NREM states, also includes the periods of sleep and wakefulness within a 24-hour period.
Factors affecting the total sleep pattern include age, state of physical health, psychological state, and certain drugs. Newborns follow a pattern of several hours of sleep followed by a period of wakefulness. REM sleep occurs at the onset of sleep in infants; it rarely does in adults. As the child matures there is an increasing tendency toward longer periods of nocturnal sleep. Elderly persons sometimes return to the shorter periods of sleep that are typical of infants.Benefits of Sleep. Sleep requirements vary greatly among individuals. Infants usually require 16 to 20 hours of total sleep during a 24-hour period, and the amount decreases as the child matures. An adult usually requires 6 to 9 hours of total sleep, and requirements continue to decrease with aging.
Most theorists agree that sleep has value as a recuperative and adaptive function in the lives of humans. The relatively high metabolic needs of mammals and birds to maintain a constant body temperature in a wide range of environmental temperatures suggests that the periodic decreases in metabolic rate and body temperature that occur in NREM sleep allow for recuperation and restitution of body tissues. For example, even though the function of stage 2 NREM sleep is not clear, approximately half of human sleep time is spent in this stage. It is also theorized that REM sleep provides a period of recuperation of mental activities and preparation for wakefulness. During REM sleep it is believed that there is increased metabolic activity in the brain so that during waking hours it is more receptive to new information and can assimilate it more easily.sleep apnea syndrome episodes of apnea" >apnea (cessation of breathing) occurring at the transition from NREM to REM sleep, with repeated wakening and excessive daytime sleepiness; it occurs most often in middle-aged, obese males and is thought to have several causes, one being collapse or obstruction of the airway with the inhibition of muscle tone that characterizes REM sleep. The condition is arbitrarily defined as more than five cessations of airflow for at least 10 seconds each per hour of sleep.sleep disorders chronic disorders involving sleep; primary sleep disorders are classified as dyssomnias or parasomnias. Among the minor disorders are sleepwalking, sleeptalking, enuresis, bruxism (tooth grinding), and nightmares. Sleepwalking is not considered serious if it occasionally occurs in childhood. It should be considered pathological, however, if it persists into adulthood. Sleeptalking is common to many persons and, while it may annoy others whose sleep it may disturb, it is not considered pathological.
A sleep disorder occurring in early childhood, and not to be confused with nightmares, is sleep terror disorder. The child awakens with a scream, is in panic and cannot be consoled, and often is incoherent; the following morning, there is poor recall of the event. Treatment usually involves reassurance of the parents. Adults who experience night terrors often have some psychological problem requiring treatment. More serious disorders of sleep include persistent insomnia, narcolepsy, and chronic hypersomnia. Hypersomnia can occur with central nervous system damage or may be secondary to some physical and mental illnesses, particularly depression.sleep terror disorder a sleep disorder of the parasomnia group, consisting of repeated episodes of pavor nocturnus (sleep terrors).sleephypnophobia. sleep (slēp), A physiologic state of relative unconsciousness and inaction of the voluntary muscles, the need for which recurs periodically. The stages of sleep have been variously defined in terms of depth (light, deep), EEG characteristics (delta waves, synchronization), physiologic characteristics (REM, NREM), and presumed anatomic level (pontine, mesencephalic, rhombencephalic, rolandic, etc.). [A.S. slaep] sleep (slēp)n. A natural periodic state of rest for the mind and body, in which the eyes usually close and consciousness is completely or partially lost, so that there is a decrease in bodily movement and responsiveness to external stimuli. During sleep the brain undergoes a characteristic cycle of brain-wave activity that includes intervals of dreaming.v. To be in the state of sleep.sleep Rest resulting from a natural suspension of voluntary bodily functions and consciousness. Good sleep hygiene is regarded as a component of good health: it enhances the immune system, and is beneficial for common colds, cardiovascular disease, longevity, recuperation from injuries and productivity.sleep Sleep disorders Rest resulting from a natural suspension of voluntary bodily functions and consciousness. See Deep sleep, Delta sleep, Good habit, Light sleep, Microsleep, Non-REM sleep, Nocturnal sleep, Normal sleep, REM sleep, Twilight sleep. Cf Bad habit, Poor sleeping hygiene. sleep (slēp) A physiologic state of relative unconsciousness and inaction of the voluntary muscles, the need for which recurs periodically. The stages of sleep have been variously defined in terms of depth (light, deep), electroencephalographic characteristics (delta waves, synchronization), physiologic characteristics, and presumed anatomic level (pontine, mesencephalic, rhombencephalic, rolandic). [A.S. slaep]sleep The natural, regular, daily state of reduced consciousness and METABOLISM that occupies about one-third of the average person's life. Sleep requirements vary considerably in health, between about 4 and 10 hours in each 24 hour period. The purpose of sleep is unknown but prolonged deprivation is harmful, causing depression and mental disturbances, including hallucinations.sleep (slēp) Physiologic state of relative unconsciousness and inaction of voluntary muscles, its need recurs periodically. [A.S. slaep]Patient discussion about sleepQ. How to deal with sleeping problems? I wonder if anyone could help me. Here's the thing: I’ve been in school break for two months now and that means i usually go to bed at about 2 am, and I usually wake up with an alarm clock at 11 for breakfast then lunch immediately after breakfast. My problem is that I have problems sleeping, I usually stay an hour or two in bed trying to get some sleep.A. My Dr. has me on Ambien cr,12.5 MG Tablets, and they work fine for me. I though i would see if they really worked about a month ago and did not take a pill before bed time, and i went right to sleep and slep for about 1 1/2 hrs and was awake the rest of the night, so i never fail to take a tablet every night when i lay down. Ask your dr. about this med. Q. I go to sleep & use to wake up paralyzed in my sleep. I go to sleep & use to wake up paralyzed in my sleep. But not asleep, just laying there, eyes wide open paralyzed. I couldn't breath, I couldn't speak, move anything but my eyes. I could look around but I couldn't even breathe. This has happened a few times in my old house, once in my mother's house (she lived by the side of a graveyard), and then only once in my new house. What is it and what do you think is causing it?A. I had the same problem but never at night...and it only happened during the day when I take nap. I will wake up and I can't move or talk, I can't open my eyes either. I've never been able to snap out of it though, I just have to lay there until I go back to sleep, and usually it doesn't happen when I wake up the next time. Needless to say I try NOT to take naps anymore, because it happens nearly every time. Q. sleeping problems i"m waking up in the middle of the night and can't get back.A. The first steps usually recommended are to improve sleep hygiene: •Sleep only as much as you need to feel rested •Keep a regular sleep schedule •Avoid forcing sleep •Exercise regularly for at least 20 minutes, preferably 4 to 5 hours before bedtime •Avoid caffeinated beverages after lunch •Avoid alcohol near bedtime: no "night cap" •Avoid smoking, especially in the evening •Do not go to bed hungry •Adjust bedroom environment •Deal with your worries before bedtime These practices address many of the causes of sleep problems. However, sleep problems may result from many causes, so consulting a doctor may be wise. Take care,
More discussions about sleepFinancialSeeSleeperSLEEP
Acronym | Definition |
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SLEEP➣Stress Level Elimination Exercise Plan :-) | SLEEP➣Start Later for Excellence in Education Proposal (Virginia) | SLEEP➣Silent Lightweight Electric Energy Plant |
sleep Related to sleep: sleep apnea, Sleep deprivation, dreams, Stages of SleepSynonyms for sleepnoun slumber(s)Synonyms- slumber(s)
- rest
- nap
- doze
- kip
- snooze
- repose
- hibernation
- siesta
- dormancy
- beauty sleep
- forty winks
- shuteye
- zizz
verb slumberSynonyms- slumber
- drop off
- doze
- kip
- snooze
- snore
- hibernate
- nod off
- take a nap
- catnap
- drowse
- go out like a light
- take forty winks
- zizz
- be in the land of Nod
- rest in the arms of Morpheus
verb accommodateSynonyms- accommodate
- take
- house
- hold
- lodge
- cater for
- have space for
- have beds for
phrase get to sleepSynonyms- fall asleep
- drop off
- nod off
phrase lose any or much sleep about or over somethingSynonyms- worry
- brood
- fret
- obsess
- be anxious
- agonize
- feel uneasy
- get distressed
phrase put something to sleepSynonyms- put down
- destroy
- put out of its misery
phrase sleep overSynonymsphrase sleep togetherSynonyms- have sex
- have sexual intercourse
- make love
- fuck
- screw
- shag
- do the business
- get it on
- fornicate
- go to bed together
phrase sleep with someoneSynonyms- have sex with
- make love with
- fuck
- screw
- shag
- go to bed with
- have sexual intercourse with
- get it on with
- do the business with
- fornicate with
Synonyms for sleepnoun the natural recurring condition of suspended consciousness by which the body restsSynonymsverb to be asleepSynonymsphrase sleep in: to sleep longer than intendedSynonymsphrase sleep with: to engage in sexual relations withSynonyms- bed
- copulate
- couple
- have
- mate
- take
Synonyms for sleepnoun a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspendedSynonymsRelated Words- sleeping
- nonrapid eye movement
- nonrapid eye movement sleep
- NREM
- NREM sleep
- orthodox sleep
- paradoxical sleep
- rapid eye movement
- rapid eye movement sleep
- REM
- REM sleep
- shuteye
- physical condition
- physiological condition
- physiological state
noun a torpid state resembling deep sleepSynonymsRelated Words- physical condition
- physiological condition
- physiological state
noun a period of time spent sleepingSynonymsRelated Words- period
- period of time
- time period
- beauty sleep
- kip
noun euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb)Synonyms- eternal rest
- eternal sleep
- quietus
- rest
Related Wordsverb be asleepSynonyms- catch some Z's
- kip
- log Z's
- slumber
Related Words- rest
- practice bundling
- bundle
- catch a wink
- catnap
- nap
- sleep in
- sleep late
- hibernate
- hole up
- aestivate
- estivate
- live in
- sleep out
- live out
Antonymsverb be able to accommodate for sleepingRelated Words |