(pen name of Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basualto). Born July 12, 1904, in Parral, Chile; died Sept. 23, 1973, in Santiago, Chile. Chilean poet and public figure. Member of the Communist Party of Chile from 1945 and of its Central Committee from 1958.

The son of a railroad employee, Neruda attended the University of Santiago. His first book of poetry, Crepusculario (Twilight Book), was published in 1923. Depression and loneliness characterize his Veinte poemas de amory una canción desperada (1924; Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, 1969) and his poems written between 1925 and 1935, including Residencia en la tierra (vols. 1–2; Residence on Earth, 1947).

From 1934 to 1937, Neruda was engaged in diplomatic work in Spain. The antifascist struggle of the Spanish people, in which Neruda took part in 1936–37, marked a new stage in his work. In his book of poems España en el corazón (1937; Spain at Heart; Russian translation, 1939), Neruda spoke out as the bard of a people struggling for freedom and as the herald of human solidarity.

From 1941 to 1944, Neruda served as Chilean consul in Mexico. Here, in 1942–43, he wrote two Cantos de amor a Stalingrado (Love Songs for Stalingrad). He returned to Chile and was elected to the national Senate in 1945. Neruda suffered persecution for his exposure of the reactionary policies of Chile’s president, Gabriel González Videla. In 1948, while living underground, he completed his Canto general (published 1950; General Canto; Russian translation, 1954), an epic poem about Latin America. This work was remarkable for the forcefulness of its lyric verse and the originality of its poetic language.

From 1949 to 1952, Neruda lived in exile, traveling in Europe and Asia. An ardent participant in the peace movement, Neruda became a member of the World Peace Council. Neruda visited the USSR many times. His experiences during these years inspired his lyrical diary Las uvasy el viento (1954; The Grapes and the Wind).

Neruda’s growing interest in a philosophical interpretation of reality was reflected in his Odas elementales (1954; Elementary Odes), Nuevas odas elementales (1956; New Elementary Odes), and Tercer libro de las odas (1957; Third Book of Odes)—published in English as The Elementary Odes of Pablo Neruda (1961) —and in his book of lyrical and grotesque poems Estravagario (1958; Book of Vagaries). Neruda’s collections Navegaciones y regresos (1959; Voyages and Homecomings), Cien sonetos de amor (1960; 100 Love Sonnets), Las piedras de Chile (1960; The Stones of Chile), Cantos ceremoniales (1961; Ceremonial Songs), and Fin de mundo (1969; The End of the World), and his autobiographical poem Memorial de Isla Negra (vols. 1–5, 1964; Memorial to Isla Negra) testify to a broadening of the scope of his poetry.

Neruda also wrote a book of sketches, Viajes (1955; Journeys), as well as essays, literary criticism, and publicistic articles. His Canción de gesta (1960; Song of Heroic Deeds) was devoted to the Cuban Revolution.

Neruda’s poetry is profoundly original. It is characterized by free, unrhymed verse, supple rhythm, and associative imagery. His poetry, which developed along the lines of socialist realism, had a significant influence on the poetry of many countries.

Neruda received the International Peace Prize (1950), the International Lenin Peace Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Nations (1953), and the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971). During the last years of his life, he was an ardent supporter of the Popular Unity Party in Chile.