occupational disease
occupational disease
Noun | 1. | occupational disease - disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts) |
单词 | occupational disease | |||
释义 | occupational diseaseoccupational disease
occupational diseaseoccupational disease,illness incurred because of the conditions or environment of employment. Unlike with accidents, some time usually elapses between exposure to the cause and development of symptoms. In some instances, symptoms may not become evident for 20 years or more.Sources of Occupational DiseaseAmong the environmental causes of occupational disease are subjection to extremes of temperature (leading to heatstroke or frostbite), unusual dampness (causing diseases of the respiratory tract, skin, or muscles and joints) or changes in atmospheric pressure (causing decompression sicknessdecompression sickness, In addition there are hundreds of industries in which metal dusts, chemical substances, and unusual exposure to infective substances constitute occupational hazards. The most common of the dust- and fiber-inspired disorders are the lung diseases caused by silica, beryllium, bauxite, and iron ore to which miners, granite workers, and many others are exposed (see pneumoconiosispneumoconiosis Fumes, smoke, and toxic liquids from a great number of chemicals are other occupational dangers. Carbon monoxide, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine, creosote, cyanides, dinitrobenzene, mercury, lead, phosphorus, and nitrous chloride are but a few of the substances that on entering through the skin, respiratory tract, or digestive tract cause serious and often fatal illness. Occupational hazards also are presented by infective sources. Persons who come into contact with infected animals in a living or deceased state are in danger of acquiring such diseases as anthraxanthrax Worker ProtectionRecognition of the effects of working under deleterious conditions and with harmful substances has resulted in efforts to protect workers from exposure to them. Legislation to prevent or limit the occurrence of occupational disease dates from the Factory Act in England in 1802. Prevention of unhealthy or unsafe working conditions and oversight of healthy and safe workplaces are the responsibility in the United States of the federal Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOccupational Safety and Health Administration Occupational Diseasea disease caused by occupational hazards. Occupational diseases are brought on by dust and certain kinds of toxic substances, such as benzene, lead, and mercury, or by physical factors in the place of employment, for example, vibration, loud noise, high or low air temperatures, high or low atmospheric pressure (decompression sickness, altitude sickness), and various types of ionizing radiation (radiation sickness). Persons whose work involves contact with infectious patients or infected animals, materials, or products may contract a contagious or parasitic disease, for example, brucellosis, anthrax, and tularemia. The clinical forms of occupational diseases vary; the factor responsible for the disease largely determines the organs and systems affected, which may include the respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular, or hematopoietic systems or the bones, joints, liver, eyes, ears, or skin. In the USSR, workers and employees who suffer from occupational diseases are eligible for such benefits as social security and insurance. Temporary disability payments are always paid at the rate of 100 percent of the wages previously earned. Pensions for invalidism or the loss of a breadwinner are granted without requiring a minimum length of time on the job or a minimum age and are paid at the rate of more than 100 percent of the wages previously earned. Workers or employees disabled by a form of pneumoconiosis (silicosis, anthracosis, silicosiderosis) receive especially large disability pensions. Victims of occupational disorders, except pneumoconioses, may present their claims to the enterprise and receive compensation for damages. Occupational therapy is concerned with the causes, mechanism of development, symptoms, and treatment of occupational diseases. Occupational hygiene is the study of the prophylaxis of these diseases. References to the effects that poor working conditions have on the body can be found in the writings of ancient Greek and Roman authors, such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Pliny the Elder, and Galen. The first studies specifically on occupational diseases appeared in the 16th century; the occupational diseases of miners were discussed in Agricola’s De re metallica (1556) and in Paracelsus’ On Miner’s Phthisis and Other Mining Diseases (1567). B. Ramazzini was the founder of occupational therapy and hygiene as an independent branch of medicine. The Russian physician A. N. Nikitin published Workers’ Diseases and Means of Prevention (1847), the first original Russian textbook on the subject. F. F. Erisman’s Occupational Hygiene, or Hygiene of Mental and Physical Work (1877) dealt with the effects of working conditions on the physical development of workers. In the USSR, the incidence rate of many occupational diseases and poisonings has declined sharply. A network of research institutes specializing in occupational hygiene and disorders has been established; the first such institute was founded in Moscow in 1923. In 1974 there were 15 functioning research institutes in the USSR, in such cities as Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky, Sverdlovsk, Angarsk, Kiev, Kharkov, and Karaganda. Research in occupational therapy is carried on in many clinical and hygiene subdepartments of medical institutes and in institutes for the advanced training of physicians. Important contributions to the study of occupational diseases have been made by I. G. Gel’man, V. A. Levitskii, N. A. Vigdorchik, E. M. Tareev, A. A. Letavet, E. Ts. Andreeva-Galanina, K. P. Molokanov, and E. A. Drogichina. Discussions on the subject are held at meetings of the Problem Commission of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR on the Scientific Bases of Occupational Hygiene and Therapy. Medical societies, whose membership includes internists, hygienists, and health officials, have meetings on preventive medicine, where occupational diseases are also discussed. The journal Gigiena truda i professional’nye zabolevaniia (Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases) has been published since 1957. In 1910, Europe’s first specialized clinic for occupational diseases was founded in Milan. By 1974 there were institutes of industrial medicine with occupational disease clinics in such countries as France, Great Britain, the USA, Finland, Spain, and the Federal Republic of Germany. Research is also conducted in university departments, clinics, and special centers subsidized by private companies. Specialized scientific clinical institutes, modeled after those in the USSR, have been established in other socialist countries. Among those whose research in occupational diseases is well known are L. Teleky, A. Lehman, and F. Koelsch (Germany), T. Oliver and A. Hill (Great Britain), E. Vigliani (Italy), A. Hamilton and C. Drinker (USA), H. Schlipköter and J. Hagen (Federal Republic of Germany), E. Holstein (German Democratic Republic), and W. Zakorsky (Polish People’s Republic). More than 30 specialized journals on occupational diseases are published abroad. REFERENCEProfessional’nye bolezni, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1973. (Bibliography.)N. N. SHATALOV occupational disease[‚ä·kyə′pā·shən·əl di′zēz]occupational diseaseoc·cu·pa·tion·al dis·easeoccupational diseaseoc·cu·pa·tion·al dis·ease(ok'yū-pā'shŭn-ăl di-zēz')Compare: industrial disease oc·cu·pa·tion·al dis·ease(ok'yū-pā'shŭn-ăl di-zēz')Occupational DiseaseOccupational DiseaseA disease resulting from exposure during employment to conditions or substances that are detrimental to health (such as black lung disease contracted by miners). An individual suffering from an occupational disease can seek compensation for his or her condition under Workers' Compensation statutes or such federal legislation as the Black Lung Benefits Act of 1972, 30 U.S.C.A. § 901 et seq. Worker's compensation statutes typically require that the worker contract the disease during the course of employment; that the disease be peculiar to the worker's job by virtue of how it is caused and manifested or how job conditions result in a particular hazard, unlike employment in general; and that there be a substantially greater risk of contracting the disease or condition on the job in a different, more serious manner, than in general public experiences. occupational diseasen. an illness resulting from long-term employment in a particular type of work, such as black lung disease among miners, or cancer among asbestos installers. If the chances of being afflicted by such an illness are significantly higher than the average in the population then a former employee may receive benefits from Social Security or workmen's compensation for a work-related disability. occupational disease
Synonyms for occupational disease
|
|||
随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。