| 单词 | michels robert |
| 释义 | Michels RobertMichels Robert(1876-1936) German sociologist and political scientist, best remembered for his book Political Parties (1911), in which he formulated the tendency for an IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY to operate in formal democratic political organizations. It was a work which arose from Michels’ disillusionment with the leadership of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) (see also POLITICAL PARTY). A tension existed between Michels’ critical indictment of the ‘class betrayal’ and reformism of the leadership of the German SPD and his suggestion that such a betrayal was perhaps inevitable, given the operation of the ‘iron law of oligarchy’. In his later work, Michels’ position achieved greater coherence, and he was one of a number of theorists (including his friend, Max WEBER) to advance a theory of the social benefits of limited representative democracy This theory can be seen as the forerunner of the modern theory of STABLE DEMOCRACY. See also ÉLITE THEORY. |
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含2567994条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。