magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide:

see magnesiamagnesia,
common name for the chemical compound magnesium oxide, MgO. It occurs as colorless, cubic crystals. It is refractory, melting at about 2,800&degC;. It is very slightly soluble in pure water but is soluble in acids and solutions of ammonium salts.
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Magnesium Oxide

MgO, colorless crystals. Density, 3.58 g/cm³; melting point, 2800°C; boiling point, 3600°C. Magnesium oxide exhibits marked volatility at 2000°C. It is poorly soluble in water (6.2 ×10^-4 g per 100 g H₂O at 20°C). In the microcrystalline state (fine white powder), amorphous MgO absorbs water vapor and CO₂ from the air to form Mg(OH)₂ and MgCO₃; it reacts readily with acids. Strongly calcined magnesium oxide loses its ability to combine with water and dissolve in acids.

Magnesium oxide occurs naturally as the rare mineral periclase. It is prepared industrially by calcination of magnesite and dolomite, as well as by the thermal dissociation of magnesium sulfate and basic magnesium carbonate, 3MgCO₃.Mg(OH)₂.3H₂O. The properties of the commercial product, calcined magnesia, depend on the conditions of preparation, and the grades of the product are differentiated by apparent density (lightness), sorption, and chemical activity. Heavy magnesium oxides are used in the manufacture of refractories; lighter oxides are used in the preparation of magnesia cements and construction materials; and the lightest oxides are used to refine petroleum products and as fillers in the rubber industry. In medicine, magnesium oxide is prescribed for internal use as an alkali to counteract increased gastric acidity, and in cases of acid poisoning it has a mild laxative effect.

magnesium oxide

[mag′nē·zē·əm ′äk‚sīd] (inorganic chemistry) MgO A white powder that (depending on the method of preparation) may be light and fluffy, or dense; melting point 2800°C; insoluble in acids, slightly soluble in water; used in making refractories, and in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, insulation, and medicine.

See magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide

magnesium

(Mg) [mag-ne´ze-um] a chemical element, atomic number 12, atomic weight 24.312. (See Appendix 6.) Its salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with phosphorylation" >oxidative phosphorylation. It is found in the intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in urine and feces. The normal serum level is approximately 2 mEq/L. Magnesium deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior.

Homeostasis of magnesium in extracellular fluids. The normal serum magnesium level is regulated by intestinal and renal function. Most of the body's magnesium is stored in bones, muscle, and soft tissue. From Malarkey and McMorrow, 2000.magnesium carbonate an antacid.magnesium chloride an electrolyte replenisher and a necessity" >pharmaceutic necessity for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis fluids.magnesium citrate a saline laxative used for bowel evacuation before diagnostic procedures or surgery of the colon; administered orally.magnesium hydroxide an antacid and cathartic.magnesium oxide an antacid and a sorbent in pharmaceutical preparations; called also magnesia.magnesium salicylate see salicylate.magnesium silicate MgSiO₃, a silicate salt of magnesium; the most common hydrated forms found in nature are asbestos and talc.magnesium sulfate Epsom salt; an anticonvulsant and electrolyte replenisher, also used as a laxative and local antiinflammatory.magnesium trisilicate a combination of magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide with varying proportions of water; used as a gastric antacid.

magnesium chloride

magnesium citrate

Citramag (UK), Citro-Mag (CA), Citroma

magnesium gluconate

Mag G, Magonate

magnesium hydroxide

Dulcolax Milk of Magnesia, Phillips Milk of Magnesia, Phillips Milk of Magnesia Concentrate

magnesium oxide

Mag-ox, Uro-Mag

magnesium sulfate

Epsom Salts

Pharmacologic class: Mineral

Therapeutic class: Electrolyte replacement, laxative, antacid, anticonvulsant

Pregnancy risk category A (magnesium sulfate), NR (magnesium citrate, hydroxide, oxide), unknown (magnesium chloride, gluconate)

Action

Increases osmotic gradient in small intestine, which draws water into intestines and causes distention. These effects stimulate peristalsis and bowel evacuation. In antacid action, reacts with hydrochloric acid in stomach to form water and increase gastric pH. In anticonvulsant action, depresses CNS and blocks transmission of peripheral neuromuscular impulses.

Availability

magnesium chloride

Injection: 20%

magnesium citrate

Oral solution: 240-ml, 296-ml, and 300-ml bottles

magnesium gluconate

Liquid: 1,000 mg/5 ml

Tablets: 500 mg

magnesium hydroxide

Liquid: 400 mg/5 ml

Liquid concentrate: 800 mg/5 ml

Tablets (chewable): 300 mg

magnesium oxide

Capsules: 140 mg

Tablets: 250 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 500 mg

magnesium sulfate

Granules (for oral use): 120 g, 4 lb

Injection: 10%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%

Indications and dosages

➣ Mild magnesium deficiency

Adults: 1 g (2 ml of 50% sulfate solution) I.M. q 6 hours for four doses

➣ Severe hypomagnesemia

Adults: 250 mg (2 mEq)/kg (sulfate) I.M. within 4-hour period, or 5 g (approximately 40 mEq) in 1 liter 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride solution by I.V. infusion over 3 hours

➣ Hypomagnesemia treatment

Adults and children: Dosage individualized based on severity of deficiency; may give citrate, gluconate, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfate.

➣ Hypomagnesemia prophylaxis

Adults and children: Dosage based on normal recommended daily magnesium intake; may give citrate, gluconate, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfate.

➣ Supplemental magnesium in total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Adults: 8 to 24 mEq/day (sulfate) by I.V. infusion, added to TPN solution

➣ Constipation

Adults and children ages 12 and older: 15 g (sulfate granules) in 240 ml water; or 30 to 60 ml/day P.O. (hydroxide) given with water; or a single dose of 10 to 30 ml P.O. (hydroxide concentrate); or one bottle of oral solution (citrate), as directed

Children ages 6 to 11: 5 to 10 g (sulfate granules) in 120 ml water; or a single dose of 2.5 to 5 ml P.O. (sulfate) in a half-glass of water; or 15 to 30 ml P.O. daily (hydroxide) given with water; or a single dose of 7.5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide concentrate); or three to four tablets (hydroxide); or 50 to 100 ml, as directed, of oral solution (citrate)

Children ages 2 to 5: Single dose of 5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide); or 2.5 to 7.5 ml P.O. daily (hydroxide concentrate); or one to two tablets (hydroxide); or 4 to 12 ml oral solution (citrate), as directed

➣ Indigestion

Adults and children ages 12 and older: 5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide liquid) up to q.i.d. with water; or 2.5 to 7.5 ml P.O. (hydroxide liquid concentrate) up to q.i.d. with water; or 622 to 1,244 mg P.O. (hydroxide tablets) up to q.i.d.; or 400 to 800 mg P.O. (oxide tablets) daily

➣ To prevent and control seizures in preeclampsia or eclampsia

Adults: 4 to 5 g 50% sulfate solution I.M. q 4 hours, as necessary; or 4 g 10% to 20% sulfate solution I.V., not to exceed 1.5 ml/minute of 10% solution; or 4 to 5 g I.V. infusion in 250 ml of 5% dextrose or sodium chloride solution, not to exceed 3 ml/minute

➣ Acute nephritis to control hypertension, encephalopathy, and seizures in children

Children: 100 mg/kg 50% sulfate solution I.M. q 4 to 6 hours as needed; or 20 to 40 mg/kg 20% solution I.M., repeated as necessary

Off-label uses

• Bronchodilation in some asthmatic patients

• Post-myocardial infarction hypomagnesemia

Contraindications

• Hypermagnesemia

• Heart block

• Myocardial damage

• Active labor or within 2 hours of delivery

Precautions

Use cautiously in:

• renal insufficiency, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, rectal bleeding, anuria, hypocalcemia

• pregnant patients.

Administration

See Be aware that magnesium sulfate injection is a high-alert drug.

• Know that I.V. use is reserved for life-threatening seizures.

• When giving magnesium sulfate I.V., don't exceed concentration of 20% or infusion rate of 150 mg/minute, except in seizures caused by severe eclampsia. Too-rapid I.V. infusion may cause hypotension and asystole.

• When giving magnesium sulfate I.M. to adults, use concentration of 25% to 50%; when giving to infants and children, don't exceed 20%.

Adverse reactions

CNS (with I.V. use): confusion, decreased reflexes, dizziness, syncope, sedation, hypothermia, paralysis

CV (with I.V. use): hypotension, arrhythmias, circulatory collapse

GI: nausea, vomiting, cramps, flatulence, anorexia

Metabolic: hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia

Musculoskeletal (with I.V. use): muscle weakness, flaccidity

Respiratory: respiratory paralysis Skin: diaphoresis

Other: allergic reaction, injection site reaction, laxative dependence (with repeated or prolonged use)

Interactions

Drug-drug. Aminoquinolones, nitrofurantoin, penicillamine, tetracyclines: decreased absorption of these drugs (with oral magnesium)

CNS depressants: additive effects

Digoxin: heart block, conduction changes (with I.V. use)

Enteric-coated drugs: faster dissolution of these drugs

Neuromuscular blockers: increased effects of these drugs (with I.V. use)

Drug-diagnostic tests. Calcium, magnesium: increased levels (with I.V. use)

Patient monitoring

See When giving prolonged or repeated I.V. infusions, assess patellar reflex and monitor for respiratory rate of 16 breaths/minute or more.

See With I.V. use, monitor blood magnesium level (desired level is 3 to 6 mg/dl or 2.5 to 5 mEq/L). Check for signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity (hypotension, nausea, vomiting, ECG changes, muscle weakness, mental or respiratory depression, coma). Keep injectable calcium on hand to counteract magnesium toxicity.

• Monitor urine output, which should measure 100 ml or more every 4 hours.

See If I.V. magnesium was given before delivery, assess neonate for signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity, such as neuromuscular or respiratory depression.

• Monitor electrolyte levels and liver function tests.

Patient teaching

See Teach patient about adverse reactions. Instruct him to report symptoms that occur during I.V. administration.

• Advise patient to consult prescriber before using magnesium if he's taking other drugs. Magnesium may delay or enhance absorption of other drugs.

• Inform patient that repeated or prolonged use of magnesium citrate, hydroxide, or sulfate may cause laxative dependence. Inform him that healthy diet and exercise can reduce need for laxatives.

• Tell pregnant female to make sure prescriber knows she is pregnant before taking drug.

• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs and tests mentioned above.

mag·ne·si·um ox·ide

an antacid and laxative. Synonym(s): calcined magnesia, magnesia

mag·ne·si·um ox·ide

(mag-nēzē-ŭm oksīd) An antacid and laxative.

magnesium oxide

An antacid drug. Brand name of preparations containing magnesium oxide and DIMETHICONE (dimeticone) are Asilone and Kolanticon.

magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide

mag•ne•sia

magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide:

Magnesium Oxide

magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide

magnesium

magnesium chloride

magnesium citrate

magnesium gluconate

magnesium hydroxide

magnesium oxide

magnesium sulfate

Action

Availability

Indications and dosages

Off-label uses

Contraindications

Precautions

Administration

Adverse reactions

Interactions

Patient monitoring

Patient teaching

mag·ne·si·um ox·ide

mag·ne·si·um ox·ide

magnesium oxide

magnesium oxide

Synonyms for magnesium oxide

noun a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase

Synonyms

Related Words