nevirapine
enUKne·vir·a·pine
N0075600 (nə-vîr′ə-pēn′, -pĭn)| Noun | 1. | nevirapine - a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Viramune) used to treat AIDS and HIV |
nevirapine
enUKnevirapine
[nĕ-vir´ah-pēn]nevirapine
Pharmacologic class: Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Therapeutic class: Antiretroviral
Pregnancy risk category C
FDA Box Warning
Drug has caused severe, life-threatening, and in some cases fatal hepatotoxicity, particularly in first 18 weeks. In some cases, patients had nonspecific, prodromal signs or symptoms of hepatitis and progressed to hepatic failure. These events are commonly associated with rash. Women and patients with higher CD4+ cell counts at initiation of therapy are at increased risk. Women with CD4+ cell counts greater than 250/mm3, including pregnant women receiving nevirapine in combination with other antiretrovirals for treatment of HIV-1 infection, are at greatest risk. However, hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use can occur in both men and women, and at any time during treatment. Hepatic failure has also been reported in patients without HIV taking nevirapine for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Use of nevirapine for occupational and nonoccupational PEP is contraindicated. Patients must discontinue drug and seek immediate medical help if they develop hepatitis signs or symptoms or have increased transaminase levels along with rash or other systemic symptoms.
Severe, life-threatening skin reactions (including fatal cases) have occurred; these have included Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and hypersensitivity reactions. Patients who develop signs or symptoms of severe skin reactions or hypersensitivity reactions must discontinue drug and seek immediate medical help.
Monitor patients intensively during first 18 weeks of therapy. Be especially vigilant during first 6 weeks. Don't restart drug in patient who has had clinical hepatitis or transaminase elevations combined with rash or other systemic symptoms, or after severe rash, or hypersensitivity reaction.
Action
Inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase by binding directly to reverse transcriptase and blocking RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent polymerase activity
Availability
Oral suspension: 50 mg/5 ml
Tablets: 200 mg
Tablets (extended-release): 400 mg
Indications and dosages
➣ Treatment of HIV-1 infection
Adults: 200 mg P.O. daily for 14 days, then 200 mg (immediate-release) P.O. b.i.d., given in combination with other antiretrovirals; 400 mg (extended-release) P.O. daily after either a 14-day 200-mg lead-in regimen or after switching from a 200-mg b.i.d. regimen.
Children ages 15 days and older: 150 mg/m2 (immediate-release tablet or oral suspension) P.O. once daily for 14 days, followed by 150 mg/m2 b.i.d. thereafter. Total daily dosage shouldn't exceed 400 mg for any patient.
Dosage adjustment
• Chronic hemodialysis
Off-label uses
• Prophylaxis of maternal-fetal HIV transmission
Contraindications
• Hypersensitivity to drug or its components
• Moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C, respectively)
• Use as part of occupational and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis regimens
Precautions
Use cautiously in:
• impaired renal or hepatic function
• pregnant or breastfeeding patients
• children.
Administration
• Be aware that drug should be given alone for first 14 days to reduce incidence of rash.
• If patient experiences rash during 14-day lead-in period with immediate-release form, don't initiate extended-release form until rash has resolved.
• Don't continue immediate-release lead-in dosing regimen beyond
28 days. If immediate-release dosing is interrupted for more than 7 days, restart recommended dosing, including 14-day lead-in dosing.
• For patients who interrupt extended-release dosing for more than 7 days, restart recommended lead-in dosing with immediate-release form using one 200-mg tablet daily for first 14 days.
• Be aware that drug shouldn't be started in adult females with CD4+ cell counts greater than 250/mm3 or in adult males with CD4+ cell counts greater than 400/mm3 because of serious and life-threatening hepatotoxicity, unless benefit outweighs risk.
• Give with or without food.
Adverse reactions
CNS: paresthesia, headache, malaise, fatigue
GI: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Hematologic: agranulocytosis
Hepatic: hepatitis, hepatotoxicity, hepatic failure
Musculoskeletal: myalgia, pain
Skin: rash, blistering, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Other: fever
Interactions
Drug-drug. Antiarrhythmics, antifungals, calcium channel blockers, cancer chemotherapy, ergot alkaloids, immunosuppressants, motility agents, opiate agonists: possible decreased plasma concentrations of these drugs
Anticoagulants: possible increased or decreased anticoagulant plasma concentrations
Clarithromycin, efavirenz, indinavir, ketoconazole, methadone: decreased activity of these drugs
Ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone: decreased contraceptive plasma levels Fluconazole: increased nevirapine level Lopinavir/ritonavir: decreased lopinavir activity
Nelfinavir: decreased nelfinavir active metabolite, minimum nelfinavir concentration
Rifabutin: increased rifabutin level
Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine amino-transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase: increased levels
Hemoglobin, neutrophils: decreased levels
Drug-herbs. St. John's wort: decreased nevirapine blood level
Patient monitoring
Check closely for rash (which may be first sign of Stevens-Johnson syndrome), especially during first 6 months of therapy.
• Monitor patient's weight, temperature, and chest X-ray periodically.
• Assess patient's appetite and energy and physical activity levels.
• Monitor liver function tests and CBC with white cell differential.
Patient teaching
• Tell patient he may take with or without food.
• Tell patient or caregiver to shake suspension gently before use and that it's important to take the entire measured dose of suspension by using an oral dosing syringe or dosing cup.
• Tell patient or caregiver that the extended-release tablet must be swallowed whole and must not be chewed, crushed, or divided.
• Instruct patient to take missed dose as soon as he remembers. But if it's almost time for next dose, tell him to skip missed dose. Caution him not to double the dose.
• Inform female patient that hormonal contraceptives, implants, or shots may be ineffective during nevirapine therapy. Urge her to use alternative birth-control method.
Teach patient to recognize and immediately report rash, easy bruising or bleeding, and signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity.
• Inform patient that nevirapine won't cure HIV or prevent its transmission.
• Caution female not to breastfeed, because breast milk may transfer HIV to infant.
• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, and herbs mentioned above.
nevirapine
(nə-vîr′ə-pēn′, -pĭn)nevirapine
Viramune® AIDS An antiretroviral non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, combined with nucleoside RTIs to manage HIV infection Adverse effects Rash. See Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, TIBO. Cf Antiretroviral agent, Delavirdine.nevirapine
A non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor drug used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV infections. The drug is on the WHO official list. A brand name is Viramune.nevirapine
enUK- noun
Synonyms for nevirapine
noun a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Viramune) used to treat AIDS and HIV
Synonyms
- Viramune
Related Words
- NNRTI
- non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- doubt
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