nicotine

enUK

nicotine,

C₁₀H₁₄N₂, poisonous, pale yellow, oily liquid alkaloidalkaloid,
any of a class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and usually oxygen that are often derived from plants. Although the name means alkalilike, some alkaloids do not exhibit alkaline properties.
..... Click the link for more information. with a pungent odor and an acrid taste. It turns brown on exposure to air. Nicotine, a naturally occurring constituent of tobacco, is the active ingredient in tobacco smoke. The amount of nicotine in tobacco leaves ranges from approximately 2% to 7%. In concentrated form, it is used as an insecticide.

Nicotine, which mimics the affects of acetylcholineacetylcholine
, a small organic molecule liberated at nerve endings as a neurotransmitter. It is particularly important in the stimulation of muscle tissue. The transmission of an impulse to the end of the nerve causes it to release neurotransmitter molecules onto the surface of
..... Click the link for more information. , acts primarily on the autonomic nervous systemnervous system,
network of specialized tissue that controls actions and reactions of the body and its adjustment to the environment. Virtually all members of the animal kingdom have at least a rudimentary nervous system.
..... Click the link for more information. . In a dose of less than 50 mg, it can cause respiratory failure and general paralysis. Smaller toxic doses can cause heart palpitations, lowered blood pressure, nausea, and dizziness. A person who smokes inhales approximately 3 mg from one cigarette. This amount increases the heart rate, constricts the blood vessels, and acts on the central nervous system, imparting a feeling of alertness and well-being. Although not considered carcinogenic, nicotine probably contributes to the increased incidence of heart disease seen in smokers and may enhance the growth of tumors caused by carcinogens.

People who use tobacco products develop a physiological addiction to nicotine. Research has shown that nicotine increases the flow of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain, creating pleasurable feelings and a craving to keep in the bloodstream levels of nicotine that will maintain these feelings. Lack of nicotine causes withdrawal symptoms (heart rate and blood pressure changes, sleeping problems, brain wave disturbances, and anxiety) in smokers.

Nicotine-containing chewing gums and skin patches that administer nicotine to people who are trying to cease smoking have been developed. Although the rate of absorption is slower with these methods than with smoking—smoking delivers nicotine to the brain within six seconds—and although nicotine obtained in this way does not provide the same pleasurable results as smoking, the gums and patches do help relieve some of the symptoms of withdrawal. Combining the use of patches or gum with continued smoking can result in nicotine overdose and toxicity, causing nausea, palpitations, and headache. Nicotine nasal sprays and inhalers more closely mimic the delivery and intensity of nicotine obtained by smoking. Some researchers have suggested, however, that prolonged use of nicotine replacement, especially inhalers, beyond the few months recommended to break the cigarette habit could damage cells lining the blood vessels and lungs. It is not clear if the use of nicotine replacement therapy is effective in enabling smokers to quit permanently.

See also smokingsmoking,
inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco in cigars and cigarettes and pipes. Some persons draw the smoke into their lungs; others do not. Smoking was probably first practiced by the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Nicotine

(named after the French diplomat J. Nicot, who in 1560 was the first to introduce tobacco into France), 1-methyl-2 (3-pyridyl)-pyrrolidine, a volatile, colorless liquid alkaloid with a characteristic odor; boiling point, 247°C. Nicotine, a strong base, is readily soluble in water and organic solvents. It turns cinnammon-brown on exposure to air. It has the following structural formula:

Nicotine is present as salts of acetic, citric, and malic acids, constituting about 2 percent of the weight of Nicotiana tabacum leaves and about 8 percent of the weight of N. rustica leaves; it is also found in other plants.

Nicotine is sublimated during the smoking of tobacco. It penetrates with the smoke into the respiratory tract and, after being absorbed, acts on the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and on the cholinergic structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The action of nicotine is two-phase: excitatory in low doses and inhibitory and causing paralysis of the nervous system, respiratory standstill, and cardiac arrest in large doses. Nicotine is one of the most toxic alkaloids; a few drops amounting to 100–200 mg—the quantity contained in 200 g of tobacco—may cause death when injected into man. Nicotine is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes but is also quickly excreted and neutralized. However, the repeated absorption of low doses during smoking causes habituation, addiction, and chronic intoxication. Acute poisoning is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intensified salivation, and, at times, convulsions and disturbances of hearing and vision. Medical treatment of acute nicotine poisoning is aimed at maintaining respiration, since paralysis of the respiratory center results in death.

Nicotine has long been used in pharmacological and physiological experiments. It has no therapeutic value. It is used in the form of a 40-percent aqueous solution of nicotine sulfate, in the form of a water extract from tobacco, and in the form of other preparations as an insecticide to control crop pests.

nicotine

[′nik·ə‚tēn] (organic chemistry) C₁₀H₁₄N₂ A colorless liquid with a boiling point of 247.3°C; miscible with water; used as a contact insecticide fumigant in closed spaces.

nicotine

a colourless oily acrid toxic liquid that turns yellowish-brown in air and light: the principal alkaloid in tobacco, used as an agricultural insecticide. Formula: C₁₀H₁₄N₂

nicotine

enUK

nicotine

[nik´o-tēn, nik´o-tin] a very poisonous alkaloid that in its pure state is a colorless, pungent, oily liquid, having an acrid burning taste. It is a constituent of tobacco, and is also produced synthetically. It is administered orally, intranasally, or by inhalation as an aid to smoking cessation. In water solution, it is sometimes used as an insecticide and plant spray.
Although nicotine is highly toxic, the amount inhaled while smoking tobacco is too small to cause death. The nicotine in tobacco can, however, cause indigestion and increase in blood pressure, and dull the appetite. It also acts as a vasoconstrictor. Researchers link smoking with heart disease, lung cancer, and other diseases.nicotine poisoning poisoning by nicotine, such as in children who eat cigarettes, workers who handle wet tobacco leaves, or persons who overuse nicotine gums or patches. Symptoms include stimulation followed by depression of the central and autonomic nervous systems and occasionally death due to respiratory paralysis. Called also nicotinism.nicotine polacrilex nicotine bound to a resin" >cation exchange resin; used in nicotine chewing gum as an aid to smoking cessation.

nicotine

nicotine inhaler

Nicotrol Inhaler

nicotine nasal spray

Nicotrol NS

nicotine polacrilex

Commit, Nicorette, Nicotinell (UK)

nicotine transdermal system

Clear Nicoderm CQ, Nicoderm CQ, Nicopatch (UK), Nicorette Patch (UK), NiQuitin (UK), Prostep

Pharmacologic class: Cholinergic

Therapeutic class: Smoking deterrent

Pregnancy risk category C (gum), D (inhalation, nasal, transdermal)

Action

Supplies nicotine during controlled withdrawal from cigarette smoking. Binds selectively to nicotinic-choliner-gic receptors in central and peripheral nervous systems, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and neuromuscular junction. At low doses, has a stimulating effect; at high doses, a reward effect.

Availability

Chewing gum: 2 mg, 4 mg

Inhalation: 42 cartridges/system, each containing 10 mg nicotine (delivers 4 mg)

Nasal spray: 10 mg/ml (0.5 mg/spray) in 10-ml bottles (100 doses)

Transdermal patch: 7 mg/day, 11 mg/day, 14 mg/day, 15 mg/day, 21 mg/day, 22 mg/day

Indications and dosages

➣ Adjunctive therapy (with behavior modification) for nicotine withdrawal Transdermal system-

Adults: 21 mg/day transdermally (Habitrol) for 4 to 8 weeks, then 14 mg/day for 2 to 4 weeks, then 7 mg/day for 2 to 4 weeks, for a total of 8 to 16 weeks; patient must wear system 24 hours/day. Or 21 mg/day transdermally (Nicoderm CQ) for 6 weeks, then 14 mg/day for 2 weeks, then 7 mg/day for 2 weeks, for a total of 10 weeks; patient must wear system 24 hours/day. Or 15 mg/day transdermally (one Nicotrol patch) for 6 weeks; patient must wear system 16 hours/day, removing it at bedtime.

Adults, adolescents, and children weighing less than 45 kg (100 lb) who smoke fewer than 10 cigarettes daily or have underlying cardiovascular disease: 14 mg/day transdermally (Habitrol) for 4 to 8 weeks, then 7 mg/day for 2 to 4 weeks, for a total of 6 to 8 weeks; patient must wear system 24 hours/day. Or 14 mg/day transdermally (Nicoderm CQ) for 6 weeks, then 7 mg/day for 2 weeks, for a total of 8 weeks; patient must wear system 24 hours/day. Nasal spray-

Adults: One spray intranasally in each nostril once or twice per hour, up to five times per hour or 40 times per day, for no longer than 6 months Inhalation-

Adults: For optimal response, at least six cartridges inhaled daily for first 3 to 6 weeks, to a maximum of 16 cartridges daily for up to 12 weeks. Patient self-titrates dosage to required nicotine level (usually 6 to 16 cartridges daily), followed by gradual withdrawal over 6 to 12 weeks.

Chewing gum-

Adults: Use as needed depending on smoking urge or chewing rate, or use on fixed schedule q 1 to 2 hours. Initial requirement may range from 18 to 48 mg/day, not to exceed 60 mg/day.

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to drug or its components or to menthol (inhaler only)

• Allergy to adhesive (transdermal forms only)

Precautions

Use cautiously in:

• cardiovascular disease, hypertension, bronchospastic disease, diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, peripheral vascular disease, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer disease, hepatic disease

• immediately after myocardial infarction, severe arrhythmia, or severe or worsening angina (use not recommended)

• skin disorders (transdermal form)

• dental disorders, esophagitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis (gum form)

• females of childbearing age

• pregnant or breastfeeding patients.

• children under age 18 (safety and efficacy not established).

Administration

• Apply patch when patient awakens and remove patch (as prescribed) at same time each day.

• Administer nasal spray regularly during first week, to help patient get used to irritant effects.

• With inhalation use, give at least six cartridges daily for first 3 to 6 weeks.

• Encourage patient to titrate dosage to level required, followed by gradual withdrawal.

Adverse reactions

CNS: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, poor concentration, nervousness, weakness, paresthesia, insomnia, abnormal dreams

CV: chest pain, hypertension, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation

EENT: sinusitis; pharyngitis (with gum); mouth and throat irritation (with inhaler); nasopharyngeal irritation, rhinitis, sneezing, watering eyes, eye irritation (with nasal spray)

GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, dry mouth, dyspepsia; increased salivation, sore mouth (with gum)

GU: dysmenorrhea

Musculoskeletal: joint pain, back pain, myalgia; jaw ache (with gum)

Respiratory: increased cough (with nasal spray or inhaler), bronchospasm

Skin: burning at patch site, erythema, pruritus, cutaneous hypersensitivity, rash, sweating (all with transdermal patch)

Other: abnormal taste, increased appetite (with gum), allergy, hiccups

Interactions

Drug-drug. Acetaminophen, adrenergic antagonists (such as prazosin, labetalol), clozapine, furosemide, imipramine, oxazepam, pentazocine, propranolol and other beta-adrenergic blockers, theophylline: increased effects of these drugs

Bupropion: treatment-emergent hypertension

Insulin: decreased insulin requirement

Isoproterenol, phenylephrine: increased requirements for these drugs

Propoxyphene: decreased nicotine metabolism

Drug-food. Caffeine-containing foods and beverages: increased nicotine effects

Drug-behaviors. Cigarette smoking: increased nicotine metabolism and effects

Patient monitoring

• Assess for signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (irritability, drowsiness, fatigue, headache).

Watch for bronchospasm and evidence of nicotine toxicity (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation, headache, dizziness, visual disturbances).

Patient teaching

Caution patient against any type of smoking during therapy. Urge him to immediately report chest tightness or difficulty breathing.

• If patient uses gum, advise him to chew one piece whenever nicotine craving occurs. Instruct him to chew it slowly until he feels a tingling sensation, then store it between cheek and gum until tingling disappears.

• Instruct patient to apply transdermal patch to clean, dry skin of upper arm or torso when he awakens; to keep it in place when showering, bathing, or swimming; and to remove it at same time each day.

• If patient uses nasal spray, instruct him to tilt head back slightly when spraying. Remind him not to sniff, swallow, or inhale through nose.

• If patient uses inhalation form, teach him to puff continuously for 20 minutes and to use at least six cartridges daily for first 3 to 6 weeks.

• As appropriate, review all significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, foods, and behaviors mentioned above.

nic·o·tine

(nik'ō-tēn), A poisonous volatile alkaloid derived from tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco; it first stimulates (small doses), then depresses (large doses) at autonomic ganglia and myoneural junctions. Its principal urinary metabolite is cotinine. Nicotine is an important tool in physiologic and pharmacologic investigation, is used as an insecticide and fumigant, and forms salts with most acids.
See also: tobacco. [Nicotiana, genus name of botanical source, + - ine]

Nicotine in inhaled tobacco smoke or in smokeless tobacco applied to buccal or nasal mucosa enters the circulation within seconds, causing an increase in heart rate, ventricular stroke volume, and myocardial oxygen consumption, as well as euphoria, heightened alertness, and a sense of relaxation. Nicotine use is powerfully addictive, readily leading to habituation, tolerance, and dependency. Withdrawal from nicotine causes restlessness, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and craving for nicotine. Addiction to nicotine is the reason for most tobacco use and is thus directly responsible for the resulting morbidity and mortality.

nicotine

(nĭk′ə-tēn′)n. A toxic alkaloid, C₁₀H₁₄N₂, that is found in the tobacco plant, constitutes the primary addictive substance in tobacco products, and acts as a stimulant at low doses.

nicotine

Substance abuse A colorless pyridine alkaloid in tobacco Routes Inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, either accidental or suicidal Clinical Transient CNS stimulation followed by depression or paralysis, nausea, hypersalivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cold sweats, headache, vertigo, confusion, incoordination, ↓ pulse rate, dyspnea with possible respiratory paralysis and intense vagal stimulation, which may cause cardiac arrest; death occurs 1-4 hrs after ingesting a fatal adult dose–> 60 mg Treatment Emesis, gastric lavage, atropine–Nicotiana tabacum stimulates cholinergic receptors. See Cigarette, Conicotine, Nicotine gum, Passive smoking, Smokeless tobacco, Smoking, Tobacco.

nic·o·tine

(nikŏ-tēn) A poisonous volatile alkaloid derived from tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco; it first stimulates (small doses), then depresses (large doses) at autonomic ganglia and myoneural junctions. It is an important tool in physiologic and pharmacologic investigation; also used as an insecticide and fumigant. [Nicotiana, genus name of botanic source, + -ine]

nicotine

A highly poisonous alkaloid drug derived from the leaves of the tobacco plants Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica . Large doses are fatal. Very small dose are obtained by inhaling the smoke from burning tobacco and this is done for the sake of the desired slight stimulant and mood-elevating effect and to alleviate nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine increases the heart rate and raises the blood pressure by narrowing small arteries. This effect can be dangerous. Nicotine, in the doses acquired by smokers, is comparatively harmless but the other constituents of tobacco smoke are responsible for an enormous burden of human disease. Nicotine is dispensed in the form of dummy cigarettes, skin patches and chewing gum so that people who wish to stop smoking may still, for a time, continue to enjoy the perceived advantages. The drug is also used as an insecticide.

nicotine

an alkaloid derived from tobacco.

Nicotine

A colorless, oily chemical found in tobacco that makes people physically dependent on smoking. It is poisonous in large doses.Mentioned in: Smoking-Cessation Drugs, Smoking

nicotine

An alkaloid with pharmacological actions similar to those of acetylcholine at autonomic ganglia and skeletal neuromuscular junctions. See acetylcholine; cholinergic.

nic·o·tine

(nikŏ-tēn) A poisonous volatile alkaloid derived from tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and responsible for many of its effects; it first stimulates (small doses), then depresses (large doses) at autonomic ganglia and myoneural junctions; an important tool in physiologic and pharmacologic investigation; used as an insecticide and fumigant.

Patient discussion about nicotine

Q. nicotine patch does anyone know if you can use the patch for smokeless tobacco users,that dont smoke,and how well does it work,what are the side effects,i"ve been using smokeless tobacco for 24 years and would like to stop,tried going cold turkey,but it didnt work,my dr. said i should try the patch,but couldnt tell me if it would work or not.A. There is really no reason you couldn't try the patch. The problem would be with what dose to start. Usually if people smoke more than 10 cigarettes a day they start with the 21mg but I am not sure how smokeless tobacco relates to cigarettes. Your best bet may be to try the gum as you chew it and then place it between you cheek and gum for a while, similar to dip.

More discussions about nicotine

nicotine

nic·o·tine

nicotine

nic•o•tine

nic·o·tine

nicotine

nicotine

nicotine

nicotine,

Nicotine

nicotine

nicotine

nicotine

nicotine

nicotine

nicotine inhaler

nicotine nasal spray

nicotine polacrilex

nicotine transdermal system

Action

Availability

Indications and dosages

Contraindications

Precautions

Administration

Adverse reactions

Interactions

Patient monitoring

Patient teaching

nic·o·tine

nicotine

nicotine

nic·o·tine

nicotine

nicotine

Nicotine

nicotine

nic·o·tine

Patient discussion about nicotine

nicotine

Words related to nicotine

noun an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco

Related Words