Obama, Barack

Obama, Barack

Hailed as a young Democratic star, he electrified the 2004 Democratic convention with his keynote address. In Feb., 2007, he became a candidate for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination, ultimately securing a delegate majority after a prolonged primary contest with Senator Hillary ClintonClinton, Hillary Rodham
, 1947–, U.S. senator and secretary of state, wife of President Bill Clinton, b. Chicago, grad. Wellesley College (B.A. 1969), Yale Law School (LL.B., 1973). After law school she served on the House panel that investigated the Watergate affair.
..... Click the link for more information. . The first African American to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party, he chose Senator Joseph BidenBiden, Joseph Robinette, Jr.
, 1942–, Vice President of the United States (2009–17), b. Scranton, Pa. A lawyer and Democrat, he was elected to the U.S. Senate from Delaware, where his family had moved when he was young, in 1972, and was reelected six times, retiring
..... Click the link for more information.  as his running mate, and they subsequently defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCainMcCain, John Sidney, 3d,
1936–2018, U.S. politician, b. Panama Canal Zone. A much decorated navy veteran, he was born into a career naval family and attended the U.S. Naval Academy, graduating in 1958.
..... Click the link for more information.  and Gov. Sarah PalinPalin, Sarah Heath
, 1964–, U.S. politician, b. Sandpoint, Idaho, as Sarah Louise Heath, grad. Univ. of Idaho (B.S. 1987). Her family moved to Alaska not long after she was born.
..... Click the link for more information. . Obama, who led the Democratic party to its largest national victory since the election of Jimmy CarterCarter, Jimmy
(James Earl Carter, Jr.), 1924–, 39th President of the United States (1977–81), b. Plains, Ga, grad. Annapolis, 1946.

Carter served in the navy, where he worked with Admiral Hyman G. Rickover in developing the nuclear submarine program.
..... Click the link for more information.  as president, became the first African American to be elected to the office.

Obama's selections for his cabinet and other high-level government posts were notable both because they were announced earlier than had been typical (in large part because economic difficulties and overseas conflicts necessitated having a cabinet in place as soon as possible) and because the persons he selected were prominent and highly experienced. His government was initially most strongly focused on measures intended to revive the U.S. financial system and economy, reeling from the most serious economic downtown since the early 1980s and the most serious financial crisis since the Great Depression. The measures, including a massive stimulus package and rescue plans for the financial and automobile industries and some homeowners, were projected to result in some of the largest U.S. budget deficits, as a proportion of GDP, since World War II; the 2009 deficit was $1.4 trillion.

Obama subsequently sought congressional passage of a health-care insurance overhaul, which quickly surpassed other issues to become the most politically contentious of his first year as president. Enactment of the legislation, which was designed to increase the number of Americans covered by health insurance, was finally achieved in Mar., 2010. Obama also secured passage (July, 2010) of an overhaul of the U.S. financial regulatory system; the law gave expanded tools to regulators to respond to crises similar to the those that occurred in 2008. By the end of 2010, however, the slow economic recovery and conservative reaction to his legislation had contributed to Republican victories, including winning control of the U.S. House, that promised to make the second half of his term more difficult. Nonetheless, with some Republican support he won enactment of additional legislation, including new stimulus measures, a compromise extension of the Bush tax cuts, and a food safety bill, in the lame-duck session. In 2011, however, he faced Republican demands for sizable cuts in the proposed budget to reduce the deficit, which resulted in the threat of a government shutdown until a compromise was reached in April. In mid-2011, however, a new confrontation over the same issues erupted when Congress was faced with passing a normally routine increase in the debt ceiling, and Republican demands subsequently restricted or derailed disaster-aid and other legislation. In May, 2012, he became the first U.S. president to support same-sex marriage.

In foreign policy, Obama broke with many aspects of the Bush administration's "war on terror," calling for a withdrawal of most troops from Iraq by Aug., 2010, the closure of the Guantánamo prison camp within a year (a goal he failed to achieve), the end of the use of interrogation methods denounced by many as torture, and a renewed focus on fighting the TalibanTaliban
or Taleban
, Islamic fundamentalist militia of Afghanistan and later Pakistan, originally consisting mainly of Sunni Pashtun religious students from Afghanistan who were educated and trained in Pakistan.
..... Click the link for more information.  and Al QaedaAl Qaeda
or Al Qaida
[Arab.,=the base], Sunni Islamic terrorist organization with the stated goals of uniting all Muslims and establishing a transnational, strict-fundamentalist Islamic state.
..... Click the link for more information.  in Afghanistan (which led to an escalation in the number of U.S. forces there in 2010). His administration also suspended plans for deploying a ballistic missile defense system in E Europe, focusing instead on defending against shorter range missiles based in Iran. Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Oct., 2009, for his efforts to "strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." In Apr., 2010, the president signed the New START nuclear disarmament treaty with Russia; it replaced the START I treaty that had expired at the end of 2009. In 2011 his administration participated in the imposition of a UN no-fly zone during the anti-Qaddafi uprising in Libya. Also in 2011 Osama bin Ladenbin Laden, Osama or Usama
, 1957?–2011, Saudi-born leader of Al Qaeda, a terrorist organization devoted to uniting all Muslims and establishing a transnational, strict-fundamentalist Islamic state.
..... Click the link for more information.  was killed by U.S. commandos in Pakistan. Obama subsequently announced a more rapid U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, but in 2015 decided to keep at least 5,000 U.S. troops there into 2017.

In the 2012 presidential election, Obama defeated the Republican candidate, Mitt RomneyRomney, Mitt
(Willard Mitt Romney) , 1947–, American politician and business executive, b. Detroit, Mich., grad. Brigham Young Univ. (B.A., 1971), Harvard (M.B.A., 1975, J.D., 1975). Son of George W. Romney, he worked for Bain and Co.
..... Click the link for more information. , despite a slow recovery that saw unemployment no lower than the level that had led to Obama's 2008 victory. The Democratic ticket, however, did win by a narrower margin than in 2008; Democrats also made modest gains in the Senate and House, but the House remained securely in Republican control. An attempt by Obama to win passage of a number of gun control measures in the wake of the Dec., 2012, elementary school killings in Newtown, Conn., proved (2013) unsuccessful.

The months before the health care changes took effect revealed significant problems with the federal website for the program and other issues, which created political problems for the president in late 2013, though by mid-2014 the situation appeared to have improved markedly. Also in late 2013, Congress agreed to a two-year budget deal, in a significant change from prior years. In 2014 Russia's seizure of Crimea and support for Ukrainian rebels led the Obama administration to adopt sanctions against Russia, and the rise of the Islamic StateIslamic State
(IS), Sunni Islamic militant group committed to the establishment of an Islamic caliphate that would unite Muslims in a transnational, strict-fundamentalist Islamic state.
..... Click the link for more information.  in Syria and Iraq led to U.S. air attacks there. The Republican wins in the 2014 elections, including control of the Senate, were generally seen as representing a rejection of Obama (whose administration had suffered from domestic and international difficulties in 2013–14) or unhappiness with the economy, rather than as broad support for Republican policies.

Obama subsequently sought to ease immigration enforcement for law-abiding illegal aliens who were long-term U.S. residents and also had children who were U.S. citizens, but his executive order was blocked by an appeals court. He restored (2015) diplomatic relations with Cuba and called for Congress to consider ending the embargo. In July, 2015, the administration signed multinational agreement with Iran that placed limits on its nuclear program in return for easing economic sanctions; the deal was implemented in Jan., 2015, but new sanctions, relating to Iran's ballistic missile program, were imposed the same month. In Feb., 2016, a trade deal involving 12 Pacific Rim nations, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), was signed by U.S. and other negotiators. The TPP was subsequently subjected to political criticism and denounciation during the 2016 elections, and President Trump withdrew (2017) from the TPP. Also in 2016, the Republican-controlled Senate refused to act on the president's nomination (March) of Merrick GarlandGarland, Merrick Brian,
1952–, American government official and judge, b. Chicago, grad. Harvard (A.B. 1974, J.D. 1977). He was special assistant to the U.S. attorney general (1979–81), a lawyer in private practice (1981–89, 1992–93), and assistant U.S.
..... Click the link for more information.  to the Supreme Court, hoping that victory in the 2016 presidential election would permit a Republican to nominate a justice. Obama's last months in office were particularly marked by the establishment of a number of notable landscapes and other natural and historic features as national monuments. Although the economy steadily improved during Obama's tenure as president, an unevenness in that growth contributed to several relatively close wins in swing states that secured the presidency for Republican Donald TrumpTrump, Donald John,
1946–, 45th president of the United States (2017–), b. New York City. Prior to his election as president in 2016, he was a business executive and television personality rather than a political leader. After attending Fordham Univ.
..... Click the link for more information.  in 2016.

Bibliography

See his Dreams from My Father (1995) and The Audacity of Hope (2006) and memoir by his wife, Michelle Obama, Becoming (2018); biographies by D. Mendell (2007), D. Remnick (2010), and D. Maraniss (2012); D. J. Garrow, Rising Star: The Making of Barack Obama (2017); biography of his mother by J. Scott (2011) and of his father by S. H. Jacobs (2011); J. Kantor, The Obamas (2012); R. Wolffe, Renegade: The Making of a President (2009); K. H. Jamieson, ed., Electing the President, 2008 (2009); J. T. Kloppenberg, Reading Obama (2010); T. J. Sugrue, Not Even Past: Barack Obama and the Burden of Race (2010); M. Tesler and D. O. Sears, Obama's Race (2010); P. Firstbrook, The Obamas (2011); R. Kennedy, The Persistence of the Color Line: Racial Politics and the Obama Presidency (2011); D. E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power (2012); C. Todd, The Stranger: Barack Obama in the White House (2014); C. Savage, Power Wars: Inside Obama's Post-9/11 Presidency (2015).