substances formed by living organisms or contained in minerals. They are used in the textile, food-processing, and perfume industries as well as in rug manufacturing. The best-known dyes of animal origin are carmine, a red dye obtained from the bodies of female cochineal insects; Tyrian purple, a reddish violet dye contained in the adrectal glands of marine gastropod mollusks of the family Muricidae; and sepia, a grayish brown pigment obtained from the secretions of the ink sac of marine cephalopod mollusks of the genus Sepia (cuttlefish).