释义 |
knowledge
knowl·edge K0094000 (nŏl′ĭj)n.1. The state or fact of knowing: Humans naturally aspire to knowledge.2. Familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study: has great knowledge of these parts; has only limited knowledge of chemistry.3. The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned: the extraordinary knowledge housed in the library.4. Archaic Carnal knowledge. [Middle English knoulech : knouen, to know; see know + -leche, n. suff.]Synonyms: knowledge, information, learning, erudition, scholarship, lore1 These nouns refer to what is known, as through study or experience. Knowledge is the broadest: "Science is organized knowledge" (Herbert Spencer). Information often implies a collection of facts and data: "A man's judgment cannot be better than the information on which he has based it" (Arthur Hays Sulzberger). Learning usually refers to knowledge gained by schooling and study: "Learning ... must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence" (Abigail Adams). Erudition implies profound, often specialized knowledge: "Some have criticized his poetry as elitist, unnecessarily impervious to readers who do not share his erudition" (Elizabeth Kastor). Scholarship is the mastery of a particular area of learning reflected in a scholar's work: A good journal article shows ample evidence of the author's scholarship. Lore is usually applied to knowledge gained through tradition or anecdote about a particular subject: Many American folktales concern the lore of frontier life.knowledge (ˈnɒlɪdʒ) n1. the facts, feelings, or experiences known by a person or group of people2. the state of knowing3. awareness, consciousness, or familiarity gained by experience or learning4. erudition or informed learning5. specific information about a subject6. (Law) sexual intercourse (obsolete except in the legal phrase carnal knowledge)7. come to one's knowledge to become known to one8. to my knowledge a. as I understand itb. as I know9. grow out of one's knowledge Irish to behave in a presumptuous or conceited mannerknowl•edge (ˈnɒl ɪdʒ) n. 1. acquaintance with facts, truths, or principles. 2. familiarity or conversance, as by study or experience: a knowlege of human nature. 3. the fact or state of knowing; clear and certain mental apprehension. 4. awareness, as of a fact or circumstance. 5. something that is or may be known; information. 6. the body of truths or facts accumulated in the course of time. 7. the sum of what is known: Knowledge of the situation is limited. 8. Archaic. sexual intercourse. Idioms: to one's knowledge, according to the information available to one: To my knowledge, he never worked here. [1250–1300; Middle English knouleche=know(en) to know + -leche, perhaps akin to Old English -lāc suffix denoting action or practice, compare wedlock] KnowledgeSee also learning; thinking; understanding. acatalepsythe Skeptic doctrine that knowledge cannot be certain. — acataleptic, n.agnoiology, agnoeologyArchaic. the study of human ignorance.anti-intellectualismantagonism to learning, education, and the educated, expressed in literature in a conscious display of simplicity, earthiness, even colorful semi-literacy. — anti-intellectual, n., adj.arcanuma secret or mystery; carefully hidden knowledge. See also alchemy. — arcana, n. pi.chrestomathicsthe teaching of useful knowledge. — chrestomathic, adj.clerisymen of learning as a class or collectively; the intelligentsia or literati.determinacythe state of being determinate; the quality of being certain or precise.empiricisma system of acquiring knowledge that rejects all o priori knowledge and relies solely upon observation, experimentation, and induction. Also empirism. — empiricist, n., adj. — empiric, empirical, adj.encyclopedism1. the command of a wide range of knowledge. 2. the writings and thoughts of the 18th-century French Encyclopedists, especially an emphasis on scientific rationalism. — encyclopedist, n.epistemologythe branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature, methods, validity, and limits of human knowledge. — epistemologist, n. — epistemic, epistemological, adj.epistemophiliaan excessive love or reverence for knowledge. — epistemophiliac, n., adj.experimentalisma reliance on principles of empiricism in philosophy or science. — experimentalist, n.expertismthe characteristic of being an expert.factualism1. excessive concern for f acts. 2. a theory or belief relying heavily on fact. — factualist, n. — factualistic, adj.gnosiology, gnoseologythe philosophy of knowledge and the human faculties for learning, Also called gnostology. — gnosiological, gnoseological, adj.Illuminism1. (l.c.) the claim to possess superior knowledge. 2. the beliefs or claims of certain religious groups or sects that they possess special religious enlightenment. — Illuminati, illuminati, Illuminist, illuminist, n.inconsequentiatrifling or inconsequential facts or trivia.inscienceObsolete, ignorance or the absence of knowledge. — inscient, adj.intellectualism1. the exercise of the intellect. 2. a devotion to intellectual activities. 3. an excessive emphasis on intellect and a resulting neglect of emotion. — intellectualistic, adj.intuitionalism, intuitionism.1. Metaphysics. the doctrine that the reality of perceived external objects is known intuitively, without the intervention of a representative idea. 2. Metaphysics. the doctrine that knowledge rests upon axiomatic truths discerned intuitively. 3. Ethics. the doctrine that moral values and duties can be perceived directly. Also called intuitivism. — intuitionalist, intuitionist, n.maieuticsthe method used by Socrates in bringing forth knowledge through questions and insistence upon close and logical reasoning. — maieutic, adj.mentalismthe doctrine that objects of knowledge have no existence except in themindof theperceiver. — mentalist, n. — mentalistic, adj.misologya hatred of reason, reasoning, and knowledge. — misologist, n.monismEpistemology. a theory that the object and datum of cognition are identical.omniscience1. universal or inflnite knowledge. 2. the state of being all-knowing. Also Obsolete, omniscious. — omniscient, adj.organona method or means for communicating knowledge or for philosophical inquiry.pansophism1. the possession of universal knowledge. Cf. pansophy. 2. the claim to such enlightenment. — pansophist, n. — pansophistical, adj.pansophy1. a universal wisdom or encyclopedie learning. 2. a system of universal knowledge; pantology. — pansophic, adj.pantologya systematic survey of all branches of knowledge. — pantologist, n. — pantologic, pantological, adj.perceptionismthe doctrine that asserts knowledge as relative to sensory perception. — perceptionist, n.philonoist1. Rare. a lover of learning. 2. (cap.) an advocate of Philonism. Also spelled Philonist.plerophorya state or quality of full confidence or absolute certainty.polyhistora person of exceptionally wide knowledge; polymath. — polyhistoric, adj.polymathythe possession of learning in many fields. — polymath, n., adj.presentationismthe theory that perception gives the mind an immediate cognition of an object. — presentationalist, presentationist, n.quadriviumin the Middle Ages, one of the two divisions of the seven liberal arts, comprising arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. See also trivium.savanta scholar or person of great learning.sciolisma superficial knowledge, especially when pretentiously revealed. — sciolist, n. — sciolistic, sciolous, adj.sciosophya supposed knowledge of natura! and supernatural forces, usually based upon tradition rather than ascertained fact, as astrology and phrenology. — sciosophist, n.sematologythe theory of the use of signs, especially words, in their relation to knowledge and cognition.semioticsa theory of symbology that embraces pragmatics and linguistics. — semiotic, adj.specialism1. a devotion or restriction to a particular pursuit, branch of study, etc. 2. a field of specialization within a science or area of knowledge, as otology within medicine. — specialist, n. — specialistic, adj.technographythe study and description of arts and sciences from the point of view of their historical development, geographical, and ethnic distribution.telegnosisclairvoyance or other occult or supernatural knowledge.triviaunimportant, trifling things or details, especially obscure and useless knowledge. — trivial, adj.triviumin the Middle Ages, one of the two divisions of the seven liberal arts, comprising logic, grammar, and rhetoric. See also quadrivium.Knowledge See Also: EDUCATION, MIND, INTELLIGENCE - A body without knowledge is like a house without a foundation —Hebrew proverb
- The desire for knowledge, like the thirst of riches, increases ever with the acquisition of it —Laurence Sterne
- Follow knowledge, like a sinking star, beyond the utmost bound of human thought —Alfred, Lord Tennyson
- Gleaned bits of information like a mouse hoarding pellets of bran stolen from the feed manger —Rita Mae Brown
- (There are no limits to his knowledge, on small subjects as well as great;) he is like a book in breeches —Sydney Smith about Macaulay
- In knowledge, as in swimming, he who flounders and splashes on the surface, makes more noise, and attracts more attention than the pearl-diver who quietly dives in quest of treasures to the bottom —Washington Irving
- In science, as in life, learning and knowledge are distinct, and the study of things, and not of books is the source of the latter —Thomas H. Huxley
- It’s like swimming; once you learn it, you never forget it —Miguel de Cervantes
- Knowledgeable as a walking encyclopedia of universal knowledge —Louisa May Alcott
- Knowledge … is like a fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself —Samuel Johnson, letter to William Drummond, August 23, 1766
- Knowledge … like a rough diamond … will never be worn or shine, if it is not polished —Lord Chesterfield
- Knowledge, like religion, must be “experienced” in order to be known —Edwin Percy Whipple
- The knowledge of man is like the waters, some descending from above, and some springing from beneath; the one informed by the light of nature, the other inspired by divine revelation —Francis Bacon
Paraphrased from Bacon’s “Knowledge of man is as the waters.” - Knowledge, when wisdom is too weak to guide her, is like a headstrong horse that throws the rider —Francis Quarles
- The right to know is like the right to live. It is fundamental and unconditional in its assumption that knowledge, like life, is a desirable thing —George Bernard Shaw
- The struggle for knowledge has a pleasure in it like that of wrestling with a fine woman —Lord Halifax
The original simile used ‘hath’ instead of ‘has.’ - The understanding, like the eyes, while it makes us see and perceive all things, takes no notice of itself, and it requires art and pains to set it at a distance and make it its own subject —John Locke
The fifth word is a modernization of the original, ‘whilst.’ - We deal our knowledge like a pack of cards —George Garrett
- With informations we can go anywhere in the world, we are like turtles, our houses always on our backs —John Le Carré
In his novel A Perfect Spy, Le Carré expands the simile as follows: “You learn to paint, you can paint anywhere. A sculptor, a musician, a painter, they need no permits. Only their heads.”
Knowledge burn one’s fingers To hurt one-self, physically or mentally, by meddling in other people’s affairs or by acting impetuously. The expression usually implies that one has learned from the painful experience, and will avoid such situations or involvements in the future. The phrase has been in figurative use since 1710, often in proverbial statements like the following: The busybody burns his own fingers. (Samuel Palmer, Proverbs) A similar current American slang expression is get burnt, which has the additional meaning of suffering financial loss. by rote From memory; mechanically, automatically, unthinkingly, without understanding or feeling; usually as modifier of verbs such as learn, get, know, recite. Conjecture that rote comes from the Latin rota ‘wheel,’ and that by rote consequently relates to the repetitious turning round and round in the mind that accompanies memorizing, lacks solid etymological basis. George Gordon, Lord Byron, used the expression in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809): Take hackney’d jokes from Miller got by rote. cut one’s eyeteeth To gain knowledge or understanding; to become sophisticated or experienced in the ways of the world; also to have one’s eyeteeth meaning ‘to be worldly-wise or aware.’ This expression, which dates from the early 1700s, derives from the fact that the eyeteeth are cut late, usually at about the age of twelve. The implication then is that a person who has already cut his eyeteeth has reached the age of discretion. A similar phrase with the same meaning is to cut one’s wisdom teeth. Wisdom teeth are cut even later than eyeteeth, usually between the ages of seventeen and twenty-five. know one’s beans To be generally knowledgeable and aware; to know a subject thoroughly; to be proficient, to have mastered a particular skill. Popular since the 19th century, this expression may be a contraction of the British know how many beans make five, an expression also used figuratively and said to derive from the practice of using beans to teach children how to count. One has to know beans to be successful in the latest Washington novelty for entertainment at luncheons. (Chicago Herald, 1888) In the U.S., the negative construction not to know beans is more frequently heard, and may even antedate the other two. Whatever he knows of Euclid and Greek, In Latin he don’t know beans. (Yale Literary Magazine, 1855) Know one’s onions is a common U.S. slang variant, as are know one’s stuff and know one’s business. know the ropes To completely understand the operational methods of one’s occupation or enterprise; to know the tricks of the trade. A sailor who understands the arrangement and functions of the numerous ropes on a ship is considered an invaluable crew member. Similarly, a person familiar with the ins and outs of his job or company establishes himself as a most valuable employee. The circle was composed of men who thought they “knew the ropes” as well as he did. (John N. Maskelyne, Sharps and Flats, 1894) under one’s belt As a part of one’s past experience, to one’s credit, successfully completed or accomplished. His wife had 135,000 miles driving in the States under her belt … but was still failed. (The Manchester Guardian Weekly, August, 1954) Originally under one’s belt ‘in one’s stomach’ referred to food which had been taken in, digested, and finally assimilated into the body. Similarly, one’s experiences are incorporated into one’s personality. ThesaurusNoun | 1. | knowledge - the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoningcognition, noesispsychological feature - a feature of the mental life of a living organismmind, psyche, nous, brain, head - that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason; "his mind wandered"; "I couldn't get his words out of my head"place - an abstract mental location; "he has a special place in my thoughts"; "a place in my heart"; "a political system with no place for the less prominent groups"general knowledge, public knowledge - knowledge that is available to anyoneepisteme - the body of ideas that determine the knowledge that is intellectually certain at any particular timeability, power - possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done; "danger heightened his powers of discrimination"inability - lack of ability (especially mental ability) to do somethinglexis - all of the words in a language; all word forms having meaning or grammatical functionlexicon, mental lexicon, vocabulary - a language user's knowledge of wordspractice - knowledge of how something is usually done; "it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner"cognitive factor - something immaterial (as a circumstance or influence) that contributes to producing a resultequivalent - a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc; "send two dollars or the equivalent in stamps"cognitive operation, cognitive process, mental process, process, operation - (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; "the process of thinking"; "the cognitive operation of remembering"unconscious process, process - a mental process that you are not directly aware of; "the process of denial"perception - knowledge gained by perceiving; "a man admired for the depth of his perception"structure - the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; "his lectures have no structure"cognitive content, mental object, content - the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learnedinformation - knowledge acquired through study or experience or instructionhistory - all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge; "the dawn of recorded history"; "from the beginning of history"attitude, mental attitude - a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways; "he had the attitude that work was fun" |
knowledgenoun1. understanding, sense, intelligence, judgment, perception, awareness, insight, grasp, appreciation, penetration, comprehension, discernment the quest for scientific knowledge2. learning, schooling, education, science, intelligence, instruction, wisdom, scholarship, tuition, enlightenment, erudition She didn't intend to display her knowledge, at least not yet. learning ignorance, illiteracy3. consciousness, recognition, awareness, apprehension, cognition, discernment taken without my knowledge or consent consciousness misunderstanding, unawareness4. acquaintance, information, notice, intimacy, familiarity, cognizance She disclaims any knowledge of her husband's business concerns. acquaintance unfamiliarityQuotations "Knowledge is power" [Francis Bacon Meditationes Sacrae] "Knowledge is power. Unfortunate dupes of this saying will keep on reading, ambitiously, till they have stunned their native initiative, and made their thoughts weak" [Clarence Day This Simian World] "Knowledge is power, if you know it about the right person" [Ethel Watts Mumford] "All I know is that I know nothing" [Socrates] "That knowledge which stops at what it does not know, is the highest knowledge" [Chang Tzu The Music of Heaven and Earth] "No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience" [John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding] "Knowledge is not knowledge until someone else knows that one knows" [Lucilius fragment] "He that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow" Bible: Ecclesiastes "Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it" [Dr. Johnson] "Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth" Bible: I Corinthians "It is the province of knowledge to speak and it is the privilege of wisdom to listen" [Oliver Wendell Holmes The Poet at the Breakfast-Table] "If a little knowledge is dangerous, where is the man who has so much as to be out of danger?" [T.H. Huxley Collected Essays] "Owl hasn't exactly got Brain, but he Knows Things" [A.A. Milne Winnie-the-Pooh] "Knowledge in the end is based on acknowledgement" [Ludwig Wittgenstein On Certainty]Proverbs "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing" "An old poacher makes the best gamekeeper"knowledgenoun1. That which is known; the sum of what has been perceived, discovered, or inferred:information, lore, wisdom.2. Known facts, ideas, and skill that have been imparted:education, erudition, instruction, learning, scholarship, science.3. That which is known about a specific subject or situation:data, fact (used in plural), information, intelligence, lore.Translationsknowledge (ˈnolidʒ) noun1. the fact of knowing. She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition. 知道 知道2. information or what is known. He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats. 知識 知识3. the whole of what can be learned or found out. Science is a branch of knowledge about which I am rather ignorant. 學問 学问ˈknowledgeable adjective having a great deal of information. He is very knowledgeable about the history of the city. 有知識的 有知识的general knowledge knowledge about a wide range of subjects. The teacher sometimes tests our general knowledge. 常識 常识knowledge See:- a little knowledge is a dangerous thing
- as far as anyone knows
- be common knowledge
- be common/public knowledge
- be public knowledge
- come to (one's) knowledge
- come to somebody's knowledge
- common knowledge
- drop some knowledge on (one)
- drop someone some knowledge
- have a working knowledge of (something)
- have a working knowledge of something
- have carnal knowledge of
- have carnal knowledge of (someone)
- Knowledge is power
- knowledge-box
- little knowledge is a dangerous thing
- little knowledge is a dangerous thing, a
- safe in the knowledge that
- safe in the knowledge that...
- to (one's) bootstraps
- to (one's) cost
- to (one's) knowledge
- to the best of (one's) ability
- to the best of (one's) belief
- to the best of (one's) knowledge
- to the best of your belief/knowledge
- to your knowledge
knowledge
knowledge (artificial intelligence, information science)The objects,concepts and relationships that are assumed to exist in somearea of interest. A collection of knowledge, representedusing some knowledge representation language is known as aknowledge base and a program for extending and/or querying aknowledge base is a knowledge-based system.
Knowledge differs from data or information in that newknowledge may be created from existing knowledge using logicalinference. If information is data plus meaning thenknowledge is information plus processing.
A common form of knowledge, e.g. in a Prolog program, is acollection of facts and rules about some subject.
For example, a knowledge base about a family might containthe facts that John is David's son and Tom is John's son andthe rule that the son of someone's son is their grandson.From this knowledge it could infer the new fact that Tom isDavid's grandson.
See also Knowledge Level.Knowledge the result of cognition of reality verified in practice; the true reflection of reality in the consciousness of man. Knowledge is the opposite of ignorance, the absence of verified information about something. Elementary knowledge resulting from biological regularities is characteristic of animals as well, for whom it serves as a necessary condition for the vital activity of the organism and for the realization of its behavioral activity. Knowledge may be everyday, prescientific, artistic, or scientific; scientific knowledge is subdivided into empirical and theoretical. As a rule, everyday knowledge is limited to the statement and description of facts. Scientific knowledge ascends to the level of explanation of facts and their comprehension in a system of concepts of a given science; it is included within a theory. The essence of scientific knowledge consists in understanding reality in its past, present, and future; in reliably generalizing from facts; in dis-covering necessary and regular laws behind random occurrences and general patterns behind singular events; and on such a basis, in foreseeing phenomena. Human thought is constantly advancing from ignorance to knowledge, from superficial to increasingly more profound and comprehensive knowledge. A. G. SPIRKIN knowledge
knowledge [nŏ´lej] the ability of a client to remember and interpret information.knowledge deficit (specify) a nursing diagnosis approved by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, defined as the absence or deficiency of cognitive information related to a specific topic. For purposes of assessing knowledge deficit, setting objectives, and planning and implementing patient teaching, three broad areas or domains are recognized: the cognitive, the affective, and the psychomotor domains. These were devised by Benjamin S. Bloom and colleagues as a part of a taxonomy of educational objectives, whose purpose is to classify and better identify specific goals for teaching, learning, and evaluation of outcomes of the process. The cognitive domain deals with the recall or recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and skills. The affective domain encompasses interest, attitudes, and values. The psychomotor domain is the manipulative or motor-skill area of learning. Learning objectives in each of these domains should be stated in behavioral terms. Educators contend that a change in behavior is evidence that learning has taken place. Hence, criteria by which one judges whether learning has occurred are written in terms of what the learner is able to do as a result of instruction. In the cognitive domain a goal of learning might be that the patient verbalizes dosage of prescribed medication, its expected actions, and any untoward reactions to be reported. In the affective domain, a change in attitude or value is observed as a change in behavior. Thus the fact that a patient loses the desired amount of weight in a specific period of time while following a special diet is evidence that the diet is valued and therefore has been followed. In the psychomotor domain a goal could be that the patient is able to take and record his or her own blood pressure accurately each day. The overall purposes of assessing and implementing plans for correction of a knowledge deficit are to assist the patient and family members (1) to promote their own health and that of family members, (2) to maintain current health status and improve it as much as possible according to each person's capabilities, and (3) to improve to the fullest one's self-care abilities.Knowledge Related to Knowledge: general knowledgeKNOWLEDGE. Information as to a fact. 2. Many acts are perfectly innocent when the party performing them is not aware of certain circumstances attending them for example, a man may pass a counterfeit note and be guiltless, if he did not know it was so he may receive stolen goods if he were not aware of the fact that they were stolen. In these and the like cases it is the guilty knowledge which makes the crime. See, as to the manner of proving guilty knowledge, Arch. Cr. Pl. 110, 111. Vide Animal. Dog; Evidence ignorance; Scienter. See K See KOMPRESSORknowledge Related to knowledge: general knowledgeSynonyms for knowledgenoun understandingSynonyms- understanding
- sense
- intelligence
- judgment
- perception
- awareness
- insight
- grasp
- appreciation
- penetration
- comprehension
- discernment
noun learningSynonyms- learning
- schooling
- education
- science
- intelligence
- instruction
- wisdom
- scholarship
- tuition
- enlightenment
- erudition
Antonymsnoun consciousnessSynonyms- consciousness
- recognition
- awareness
- apprehension
- cognition
- discernment
Antonyms- misunderstanding
- unawareness
noun acquaintanceSynonyms- acquaintance
- information
- notice
- intimacy
- familiarity
- cognizance
AntonymsSynonyms for knowledgenoun that which is known; the sum of what has been perceived, discovered, or inferredSynonymsnoun known facts, ideas, and skill that have been impartedSynonyms- education
- erudition
- instruction
- learning
- scholarship
- science
noun that which is known about a specific subject or situationSynonyms- data
- fact
- information
- intelligence
- lore
Synonyms for knowledgenoun the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoningSynonymsRelated Words- psychological feature
- mind
- psyche
- nous
- brain
- head
- place
- general knowledge
- public knowledge
- episteme
- ability
- power
- inability
- lexis
- lexicon
- mental lexicon
- vocabulary
- practice
- cognitive factor
- equivalent
- cognitive operation
- cognitive process
- mental process
- process
- operation
- unconscious process
- perception
- structure
- cognitive content
- mental object
- content
- information
- history
- attitude
- mental attitude
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