| 释义 |
mandarin
Man·da·rin M0073300 (măn′də-rĭn)n.1. Any of a group of related dialects of Chinese spoken principally in the north and west of China.2. The official national standard spoken language of China, based on the Mandarin dialect spoken in and around Beijing. Also called Guoyu, Putonghua.
[From mandarin (from its use in administration in imperial China ).]
man·da·rin M0073300 (măn′də-rĭn)n.1. A member of any of the nine ranks of high public officials in the Chinese Empire.2. A high government official or bureaucrat.3. A member of an elite group, especially a person having influence or high status in intellectual or cultural circles.4. A mandarin orange.adj.1. Of, relating to, or resembling a mandarin.2. Marked by elaborate and refined language or literary style.
[From Spanish mandarín, from Portuguese mandarim, from Malay menteri, from Sanskrit mantrī, mantrin-, counselor, from mantraḥ, counsel; see men- in Indo-European roots.]mandarin (ˈmændərɪn) n1. (Historical Terms) (in the Chinese Empire) a member of any of the nine senior grades of the bureaucracy, entered by examinations2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (in the Chinese Empire) a member of any of the nine senior grades of the bureaucracy, entered by examinations3. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a high-ranking official whose powers are extensive and thought to be outside political control4. a person of standing and influence, as in literary or intellectual circles5. (Plants) a. a small citrus tree, Citrus nobilis, cultivated for its edible fruitb. the fruit of this tree, resembling the tangerine[C16: from Portuguese mandarim, via Malay menteri from Sanskrit mantrin counsellor, from mantra counsel] ˈmandarinate nman•da•rin (ˈmæn də rɪn)
n. 1. (in the Chinese Empire) a member of any of the nine ranks of public officials. 2. (cap.) a. a more or less uniform spoken form of the Chinese language based loosely on the dialect of Beijing and used by officials in late imperial China. b. the group of related Chinese dialects, including Mandarin and the modern standard language, spoken in SW, central, and N China and in Manchuria. 3. a. a small spiny Chinese citrus tree, Citrus reticulata, bearing flattish orange-yellow to deep orange loose-skinned fruit. b. this fruit, some hybrid varieties of which are called tangerines. 4. an influential or powerful government official or bureaucrat. 5. a member of an elite or powerful group or class. adj. 6. of or pertaining to a mandarin or mandarins. 7. elegantly refined, as in language or taste. [1580–90; < Portuguese mandarim, < Malay məntəri « Skt mantrin councilor] Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  mandarin - shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removed; native to southeastern AsiaCitrus reticulata, mandarin orange, mandarin orange treemandarin orange, mandarin - a somewhat flat reddish-orange loose skinned citrus of Chinagenus Citrus - orange; lemon; lime; etc.citrus tree, citrus - any of numerous tropical usually thorny evergreen trees of the genus Citrus having leathery evergreen leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy edible fruits having leathery aromatic rindstangerine, tangerine tree - a variety of mandarin orangeclementine, clementine tree - a variety of mandarin orange that is grown around the Mediterranean and in South Africasatsuma, satsuma tree - a variety of mandarin orange | | 2. |  mandarin - a member of an elite intellectual or cultural groupelitist - someone who believes in rule by an elite group | | 3. | mandarin - any high government official or bureaucratfunctionary, official - a worker who holds or is invested with an office | | 4. | mandarin - a high public official of imperial ChinaChinese - a native or inhabitant of Communist China or of Nationalist China | | 5. |  mandarin - a somewhat flat reddish-orange loose skinned citrus of Chinamandarin orangecitrous fruit, citrus, citrus fruit - any of numerous fruits of the genus Citrus having thick rind and juicy pulp; grown in warm regionsclementine - a mandarin orange of a deep reddish orange color and few seedssatsuma - medium-sized largely seedless mandarin orange with thin smooth skintangerine - any of various deep orange mandarins grown in the United States and southern AfricaCitrus reticulata, mandarin, mandarin orange, mandarin orange tree - shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removed; native to southeastern Asia | | 6. |  Mandarin - the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of ChinaBeijing dialect, Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin dialectChinese - any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system |
Translationsmandarin (ˈmӕndərin) noun1. (also mandarin orange) a type of small orange. 橘子 桔子，中国柑桔 2. an official of high rank in the Chinese Empire. 清朝的高官 （中国清朝的）大官，满清官吏 mandarin → 中国柑桔zhCN, 内务官员zhCNMandarin
Mandarin (măn`dərĭn) [Port. mandar=to govern, or from Malay mantri=counselor of state], a high official of imperial China. For each of the nine grades there was a different colored button worn on the dress cap. Mandarin Chinese was the language spoken by the official class and was based on the Beijing dialect. A version of Mandarin Chinese, known as putonghua [common language], is now taught throughout the country, and it is the official national language. A first or second language for roughly half the nation's population, it is widely spoken in native Chinese regions except along the southeastern coast, where the Cantonese, Fukienese, and Shanghai languages (considered by some to be Chinese dialects) are dominant. See ChineseChinese,
subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages (see Sino-Tibetan languages), which is also sometimes grouped with the Tai, or Thai, languages in a Sinitic subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan language stock.
..... Click the link for more information. .Mandarin the name given by the Portuguese to officials (Chinese, kuari) in feudal China. The word has passed from Portuguese into Russian and Western European languages; it is not used in contemporary Soviet and foreign scholarly literature.
Mandarin a subtropical fruit-bearing evergreen plant of the genus Citrus of the family Rutaceae. Some botanists believe that all forms of the mandarin belong to one species—Citrus reticulata; others distinguish up to 13 species of mandarins, including C. unshiu, C. chrysocarpa, C. deliciosa, C. nobilis, and C. leicocarpa. The most common species of mandarin is C. unshiu, which is a tree measuring 3 m tall (at age 20-25 years) and having a crown 3-3.5 m in diameter. The branches have no thorns, and the leaves are large, leathery, sometimes crimped, and oval. The flowers are quite large and bisexual; their petals have a large number of ester glandules. The fruits, which usually have no seeds and are formed parthenocarpally, are oblate or depressed-pear-shaped, sometimes with an extended neck. They weigh between 60 and 80 g. The skin is orange and is easily separated from the pulp, which is bright orange and juicy and consists of eight to ten easily separating segments. The juice contains 2.87-10.5 percent sugars, 0.95-1.0 percent acids (mainly citric), and 23-55 mg percent vitamin C. The fruits are used primarily in fresh form; they are sometimes used to make juice, jam, preserves, and compote. The peel, which is rich in pectins, essential oils, and glycosides, is used in the confectionery industry; it is also used in the perfume and food-processing industries for its essential oils. C. unshiu is distinguished from other citrus plants by its resistance to frost. At a temperature of — 6.5°C the leaves freeze, and at — 12°C the tree dies. The plants grow best on soils that are rich in lime and humus. The trees have two or three periods of growth, which alternate with rest periods. Fruiting begins the fourth year after budding (bud grafting). The harvest of fruits from ten-year-old to 12-year-old trees is up to 50 tons per hectare. C. unshiu is cultivated in a number of countries, including Japan and the People’s Republic of China. In the USSR the principal plantings of mandarins are concentrated in the moist subtropical regions of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Varieties of C. unshiu are most widely cultivated; there are small plantings of the varieties Kovano-Vaze, Sil’verkhil, Sochi 23, and Pioner 80. Mandarins are propagated by budding or, less frequently, by scion. The principal stock is the trifoliate orange. In the USSR, the species C. deliciosa is grown in small numbers. It is a small tree or bush with a very dense crown. The branches have thorns. The fruits are medium-sized and depressed-globose. The pulp has a distinctive fragrance and is sweet, but less tasty than C. unshiu. The species C. leicocarpa has small tart fruits. It can be used as an ornamental and for breeding (because of its frost resistance). REFERENCESGutiev, G. T. Subtropicheskie plodovye rasteniia. Moscow, 1958.
Zhukovskii, P. M. Kul’turnye rasteniia iikh sorodichi, 3rd ed. Leningrad, 1971.F. M. ZORIN mandarin[′man·də·rən] (botany) A large and variable group of citrus fruits in the species Citrus reticulata and some of its hybrids; many varieties of the trees are compact with willowy twigs and small, narrow, pointed leaves; includes tangerines, King oranges, Temple oranges, and tangelos. mandarin1. (in the Chinese Empire) a member of any of the nine senior grades of the bureaucracy, entered by examinations 2. a high-ranking official whose powers are extensive and thought to be outside political control
mandarina. a small citrus tree, Citrus nobilis, cultivated for its edible fruit b. the fruit of this tree, resembling the tangerine Mandarin
A high public or government official of the Chinese empire; the term has been used in reference to the power wielded by a mandarin-like class of professionals—physicians, lawyers, scientists, engineers, middle managers, etc.AcronymsSeeMANmandarin
Synonyms for mandarinnoun shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removedSynonyms- Citrus reticulata
- mandarin orange
- mandarin orange tree
Related Words- mandarin orange
- mandarin
- genus Citrus
- citrus tree
- citrus
- tangerine
- tangerine tree
- clementine
- clementine tree
- satsuma
- satsuma tree
noun a member of an elite intellectual or cultural groupRelated Wordsnoun any high government official or bureaucratRelated Wordsnoun a high public official of imperial ChinaRelated Wordsnoun a somewhat flat reddish-orange loose skinned citrus of ChinaSynonymsRelated Words- citrous fruit
- citrus
- citrus fruit
- clementine
- satsuma
- tangerine
- Citrus reticulata
- mandarin
- mandarin orange
- mandarin orange tree
noun the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of ChinaSynonyms- Beijing dialect
- Mandarin Chinese
- Mandarin dialect
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