Intrinsic Factor Antibodies

Synonym/acronym: IF antibodies, intrinsic factor blocking antibodies.

Common use

To assist in the investigation of suspected pernicious anemia.

Specimen

Serum (1 mL) collected in a gold-, red-, or red/gray-top tube. Place separated serum into a standard transport tube within 2 hr of collection.

Normal findings

(Method: Immunoassay) Negative.

Description

Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. IF is required for the normal absorption of vitamin B₁₂ and measurement of circulating antibodies to IF is used to evaluate conditions of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. There are two types of antibodies: type 1, the more commonly present blocking antibody, and type 2, the binding antibody. The blocking antibody prevents attachment of vitamin B₁₂ at the binding site of IF. Binding antibody combines with either free or complexed IF, inhibiting attachment of the vitamin B₁₂-intrinsic factor complex to ileal receptors. Autoantibodies may also form against parietal cells and can be detected by enzyme immunoassay.

This procedure is contraindicated for

N/A

Indications

Assist in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia
Evaluate patients with decreased vitamin B₁₂ levels

Potential diagnosis

Increased in

Conditions that involve the production of these blocking and binding autoantibodies
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Some patients with hyperthyroidism
Some patients with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes

Decreased in

N/A

Critical findings

N/A

Interfering factors

Recent treatment with methotrexate or another folic acid antagonist can interfere with test results.
Vitamin B₁₂ injected or ingested within 48 hr of the test invalidates results.
Failure to follow dietary restrictions before the procedure may cause the procedure to be canceled or repeated.

Nursing Implications and Procedure

Pretest

Positively identify the patient using at least two unique identifiers before providing care, treatment, or services.
Patient Teaching: Inform the patient this test can assist in assessing for anemia.
Obtain a history of the patient’s complaints, including a list of known allergens, especially allergies or sensitivities to latex. Central nervous system changes have a strong association with pernicious and megaloblastic anemias. Onset of the anemia may occur over a prolonged period of time during which the patient may be unaware of the development of symptoms; ask the patient whether he or she has experienced alterations in sensory organ function such as blurred or other changes in vision, loss of hearing, or changes in how foods taste. Ask the patient if he or she is experiencing dizziness, disorientation, irritability, memory loss, numbness, tingling, or lack of coordination. Ask male patients if they are experiencing impotence.
Obtain a history of the patient’s gastrointestinal and hematopoietic systems, symptoms, and results of previously performed laboratory tests and diagnostic and surgical procedures.
Note any recent procedures that can interfere with test results.
Obtain a list of the patient’s current medications, including herbs, nutritional supplements, and nutraceuticals (see Effects of Natural Products on Laboratory Values).
Review the procedure with the patient. Inform the patient that specimen collection takes approximately 5 to 10 min. Address concerns about pain and explain that there may be some discomfort during the venipuncture.
Sensitivity to social and cultural issues, as well as concern for modesty, is important in providing psychological support before, during, and after the procedure.
Note that there are no food or fluid restrictions unless by medical direction. Administration of vitamin B₁₂, injected, ingested, or administered otherwise (e.g., absorbed by nasal gel or sublingual tablet), should be withheld within 2 wk before testing.

Intratest

Potential complications: N/A
Ensure that vitamin B₁₂ has been withheld within 2 wk before testing.
Avoid the use of equipment containing latex if the patient has a history of allergic reaction to latex.
Instruct the patient to cooperate fully and to follow directions. Direct the patient to breathe normally and to avoid unnecessary movement.
Observe standard precautions, and follow the general guidelines in Patient Preparation and Specimen Collection. Positively identify the patient, and label the appropriate specimen container with the corresponding patient demographics, initials of the person collecting the specimen, date, and time of collection. Perform a venipuncture.
Remove the needle and apply direct pressure with dry gauze to stop bleeding. Observe/assess venipuncture site for bleeding or hematoma formation and secure gauze with adhesive bandage.
Promptly transport the specimen to the laboratory for processing and analysis.

Post-Test

Inform the patient that a report of the results will be made available to the requesting health-care provider (HCP), who will discuss the results with the patient.
Reinforce information given by the patient’s HCP regarding further testing, treatment, or referral to another HCP. Answer any questions or address any concerns voiced by the patient or family. The anemias associated with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency produce a variety of signs and symptoms that may cause significant distress for the patient and family. Neurological complications may cause personality changes such as irritability, paranoia, disorientation, or delirium. Depending on the family situation, arrangements for social service or home care referrals may be indicated. Suggest ways to help the patient with fine motor deficits to feel greater independence, for example, the patient may have an easier time dressing if clothing without small buttons or hooks is chosen. If the patient has experienced permanent neurological deficits, the HCP may recommend a referral to physical therapy for rehabilitation. Instruct the patient to self-administer a vitamin B₁₂ injection and provide resources for education regarding side effects and interactions with other drugs. Discuss the need for a well-balanced diet, foods that contain vitamin B₁₂, and describe adequate daily fluid volume. Because there is an association between pernicious anemia and increased risk for developing gastric carcinoma, encourage the patient to have regular complete physical examinations.
Depending on the results of this procedure, additional testing may be performed to evaluate or monitor progression of the disease process and determine the need for a change in therapy. Evaluate test results in relation to the patient’s symptoms and other tests performed.

Related Monographs

Related tests include antibodies antithyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase, biopsy bone marrow, CBC, CBC RBC indices, folic acid, and vitamin B₁₂.
Refer to the Gastrointestinal and Hematopoietic systems tables at the end of the book for related tests by body system.

单词	intrinsic factor antibodies
释义	Intrinsic Factor Antibodies Intrinsic Factor Antibodies Synonym/acronym: IF antibodies, intrinsic factor blocking antibodies. Common use To assist in the investigation of suspected pernicious anemia. Specimen Serum (1 mL) collected in a gold-, red-, or red/gray-top tube. Place separated serum into a standard transport tube within 2 hr of collection. Normal findings (Method: Immunoassay) Negative. Description Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. IF is required for the normal absorption of vitamin B₁₂ and measurement of circulating antibodies to IF is used to evaluate conditions of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. There are two types of antibodies: type 1, the more commonly present blocking antibody, and type 2, the binding antibody. The blocking antibody prevents attachment of vitamin B₁₂ at the binding site of IF. Binding antibody combines with either free or complexed IF, inhibiting attachment of the vitamin B₁₂-intrinsic factor complex to ileal receptors. Autoantibodies may also form against parietal cells and can be detected by enzyme immunoassay. This procedure is contraindicated for N/A Indications Assist in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia Evaluate patients with decreased vitamin B₁₂ levels Potential diagnosis Increased in Conditions that involve the production of these blocking and binding autoantibodies Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Some patients with hyperthyroidism Some patients with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes Decreased in N/A Critical findings N/A Interfering factors Recent treatment with methotrexate or another folic acid antagonist can interfere with test results. Vitamin B₁₂ injected or ingested within 48 hr of the test invalidates results. Failure to follow dietary restrictions before the procedure may cause the procedure to be canceled or repeated. Nursing Implications and Procedure Pretest Positively identify the patient using at least two unique identifiers before providing care, treatment, or services. Patient Teaching: Inform the patient this test can assist in assessing for anemia. Obtain a history of the patient’s complaints, including a list of known allergens, especially allergies or sensitivities to latex. Central nervous system changes have a strong association with pernicious and megaloblastic anemias. Onset of the anemia may occur over a prolonged period of time during which the patient may be unaware of the development of symptoms; ask the patient whether he or she has experienced alterations in sensory organ function such as blurred or other changes in vision, loss of hearing, or changes in how foods taste. Ask the patient if he or she is experiencing dizziness, disorientation, irritability, memory loss, numbness, tingling, or lack of coordination. Ask male patients if they are experiencing impotence. Obtain a history of the patient’s gastrointestinal and hematopoietic systems, symptoms, and results of previously performed laboratory tests and diagnostic and surgical procedures. Note any recent procedures that can interfere with test results. Obtain a list of the patient’s current medications, including herbs, nutritional supplements, and nutraceuticals (see Effects of Natural Products on Laboratory Values). Review the procedure with the patient. Inform the patient that specimen collection takes approximately 5 to 10 min. Address concerns about pain and explain that there may be some discomfort during the venipuncture. Sensitivity to social and cultural issues, as well as concern for modesty, is important in providing psychological support before, during, and after the procedure. Note that there are no food or fluid restrictions unless by medical direction. Administration of vitamin B₁₂, injected, ingested, or administered otherwise (e.g., absorbed by nasal gel or sublingual tablet), should be withheld within 2 wk before testing. Intratest Potential complications: N/A Ensure that vitamin B₁₂ has been withheld within 2 wk before testing. Avoid the use of equipment containing latex if the patient has a history of allergic reaction to latex. Instruct the patient to cooperate fully and to follow directions. Direct the patient to breathe normally and to avoid unnecessary movement. Observe standard precautions, and follow the general guidelines in Patient Preparation and Specimen Collection. Positively identify the patient, and label the appropriate specimen container with the corresponding patient demographics, initials of the person collecting the specimen, date, and time of collection. Perform a venipuncture. Remove the needle and apply direct pressure with dry gauze to stop bleeding. Observe/assess venipuncture site for bleeding or hematoma formation and secure gauze with adhesive bandage. Promptly transport the specimen to the laboratory for processing and analysis. Post-Test Inform the patient that a report of the results will be made available to the requesting health-care provider (HCP), who will discuss the results with the patient. Reinforce information given by the patient’s HCP regarding further testing, treatment, or referral to another HCP. Answer any questions or address any concerns voiced by the patient or family. The anemias associated with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency produce a variety of signs and symptoms that may cause significant distress for the patient and family. Neurological complications may cause personality changes such as irritability, paranoia, disorientation, or delirium. Depending on the family situation, arrangements for social service or home care referrals may be indicated. Suggest ways to help the patient with fine motor deficits to feel greater independence, for example, the patient may have an easier time dressing if clothing without small buttons or hooks is chosen. If the patient has experienced permanent neurological deficits, the HCP may recommend a referral to physical therapy for rehabilitation. Instruct the patient to self-administer a vitamin B₁₂ injection and provide resources for education regarding side effects and interactions with other drugs. Discuss the need for a well-balanced diet, foods that contain vitamin B₁₂, and describe adequate daily fluid volume. Because there is an association between pernicious anemia and increased risk for developing gastric carcinoma, encourage the patient to have regular complete physical examinations. Depending on the results of this procedure, additional testing may be performed to evaluate or monitor progression of the disease process and determine the need for a change in therapy. Evaluate test results in relation to the patient’s symptoms and other tests performed. Related Monographs Related tests include antibodies antithyroglobulin and antithyroid peroxidase, biopsy bone marrow, CBC, CBC RBC indices, folic acid, and vitamin B₁₂. Refer to the Gastrointestinal and Hematopoietic systems tables at the end of the book for related tests by body system.
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