| 单词 | java | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | JavaJa·va 1J0021900 (jä′və, jăv′ə)Ja·va 2J0021900 (jä′və, jăv′ə)ja·vaJ0021900 (jä′və, jăv′ə)Java(ˈdʒɑːvə)Java(ˈdʒɑːvə)Ja•va(ˈdʒɑ və; esp. for 2 ˈdʒæv ə)n.
javajava(ˈdʒɑvə)JavaJava(jä`və), island (1990 pop. 107,525,520), c.51,000 sq mi (132,090 sq km), Indonesia, S of Borneo, from which it is separated by the Java Sea, and SE of Sumatra across Sunda Strait. Although Java is the fifth largest island of Indonesia, constituting only one seventh of the country's total area, it contains two thirds of the country's population; it is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. For centuries it has been the cultural, political, and economic center of the area. In Java are the republic's capital and largest city, JakartaJakartaor Djakarta , city and special district (1990 pop. 8,227,746), capital and largest city of Indonesia, NW Java, at the mouth of the canalized Ciliwung River, on Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea. ..... Click the link for more information. , and the second and third largest cities, SurabayaSurabaya, Surabaja, or Soerabaja , city (1990 pop. 2,473,272), capital of East Java prov., NE Java, Indonesia, on the Mas River just above its mouth at the western end of Madura Strait. ..... Click the link for more information. and BandungBandung or Bandoeng , city (1990 pop. 2,058,122), capital of Java Barat prov., W Java, Indonesia, near the Tangkuban Prahu volcano. Formerly the administrative and military headquarters of the Netherlands East Indies, it is the third largest city in Indonesia, an ..... Click the link for more information. . Tanjungpriok is the chief port, and YogyakartaYogyakarta , Jogjakarta , or Djokjakarta , city (1990 pop. 412,059), S Java, Indonesia, at the foot of volcanic Mt. Merapi, capital of the special region of Yogyakarta (1990 pop. 2,912,611), a former sultanate. ..... Click the link for more information. and SurakartaSurakarta or Soerakarta , city (1990 pop. 503,827), on central Java, Indonesia, on the Solo River. Connected by rail with Surabaya and Jakarta, it is a trade center for an area producing tobacco, rice, and sugar. ..... Click the link for more information. are cultural centers. Land and PeopleA chain of active volcanic mountains, most densely forested with teak, palms, and other woods, traverses the length of the island from east to west; Mt. Semeru rises to 12,060 ft (3,676 m). There are almost two million acres of planted teak forests; although Java contains only about 3% of the country's forest land, it accounts for much of its timber production. The climate is warm and humid, and the volcanic soil exceptionally fertile, but the island is subject to often deadly earthquakes. There are elaborate irrigation systems supplied by the island's numerous short, turbulent rivers. Found mostly in the interior are such animals as tigers, rhinoceroses, and crocodiles; birds of brilliant plumage are numerous. Java was a home of early humans; on it were found (1891) the fossilized remains of the so-called Java man (Homo erectusHomo erectus EconomyMost of Indonesia's sugarcane and kapok are grown in Java. Rubber, tea, coffee, tobacco, cacao, and cinchona are produced in highland plantations. Rice is the chief small-farm crop. Cattle are raised in the east. In the northeast are important oil fields; tin, gold, silver, copper, coal, manganese, phosphate, and sulfur are mined. Most of the country's manufacturing establishments are in Java. Industry is centered chiefly in Jakarta and Surabaya, but Bandung is a noted textile center. HistoryEarly in the Christian era Indians began colonizing Java, and by the 7th cent. "Indianized" kingdoms were dominant in both Java and Sumatra. The Sailendra dynasty (760–860 in Java) unified the Sumatran and Javan kingdoms and built in Java the magnificent Buddhist temple BorobudurBorobudur Following the Portuguese, the Dutch arrived in 1596, and in 1619 the Dutch East India Company established its chief post in Batavia (now Jakarta), thence gradually absorbing the native states into which the once-powerful Javanese empire had disintegrated. Between 1811 and 1815, Java was briefly under British rule headed by Sir Thomas S. Raffles, who instituted certain reforms. The Dutch ignored these when they returned to power, resorting to a system of enforced labor, which, along with harsh methods of exploitation, led to a native uprising (1825–30) under Prince Diponegoro; the Dutch subsequently adopted a more humane approach. In the early phase of World War II, Java was left open to Japanese invasion by the disastrous Allied defeat in the battle of the Java Sea in Feb., 1942; Java was occupied by the Japanese until the end of the war. After the war the island was the scene of much fighting between Dutch and Indonesian forces, with the Indonesians declaring independence in 1945. In 1946 the Dutch occupied many of the key cities, and Yogyakarta was the provisional capital of the Republic of Indonesia from 1949 to 1950. Java now constitutes three provinces of Indonesia—West, Central, and East Java—as well as the autonomous districts of Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Overcrowding on Java led to the government's policy of "transmigration," in which farmers were relocated to less populated Indonesian islands. An earthquake in May, 2006, centered near the coast S of Yogyakarta, killed some 5,800 people and injured more than 36,000. BibliographySee C. Geertz, The Religion of Java (1960); C. Day, The Dutch in Java (1904, repr. 1966); B. R. Anderson, Java in a Time of Revolution (1972); R. M. Koentjaraningrat, Javanese Culture (1989). Javaan island in the Malay Archipelago, in the Greater Sunda Islands. The main economic region of Indonesia, Java has an area of 126,500 sq km and a population of about 83 million (1975). Java, which extends west to east for 1,050 km, is washed in the south by the Indian Ocean, in the north by the Java Sea, in the west by the Sunda Strait, and in the east by the Bali Strait. In the south the shores are mostly high and steep; in the north they are low and often swampy. About half of Java is covered by mountains. The island is crossed by a mountain chain, among the higher peaks of which are more than 100 volcanoes, including about 30 active ones. More than ten volcanoes exceed 3,000 m in elevation; the tallest, Semeru, has an elevation of 3,676 m. In the north and south are hills and low mountains composed principally of sandstones and limestones; karst has developed extensively. Alluvial plains lie in sections along the coasts and river valleys. Java has deposits of petroleum along the northern coast, sulfur in the volcanic regions, and manganese ore in the south; in addition, there are deposits of phosphorites and gold. Java has a subequatorial monsoon climate. Along the coasts the air temperature is 26°–27°C throughout the year; it drops to approximately 18°C at 1,500 m and about 9°C at 3,000 m. The temperature may vary by as much as 10°–15°C daily. Annual precipitation is 1,000–2,000 mm in the plains and 3,000–5,000 mm in the mountains, exceeding 6,000 mm on some peaks; most of the precipitation falls between October and May. The western half of Java is wetter than the eastern half. The rivers have abundant water, especially in the rainy season, and are used for irrigation. Podzolized lateritic soils, mountain-forest red soils, and alluvial soils predominate in the river valleys. Cultivated landscapes prevail in the plains and foothills. About one-fourth of Java is forested. In the western mountains there are vast equatorial rain forests, about 50 m in height, that have multiple strata; they are distinguished by an enormous variety of species. In the east are monsoon deciduous forests and savanna-type thin forests. At elevations of more than 1,500 m are usually found forests that include laurels, magnolias, oaks, and chestnuts. Mountain peaks are covered by thickets of low shrubs and by meadows. There are mangrove forests in some sections along the coast. The forests are inhabited by apes, deer, and wild boars; rhinoceroses, tigers, leopards, and bantengs are also found. Java has a great variety of bird, reptile, and insect life. The flora and fauna of Java are protected in the natural parks of Baluran, Banjuwangi Selatan, Pulau-Panaitan, and Ujung-Kulon. The botanical garden in the city of Bogor is known throughout the world. Java’s largest cities are Jakarta (the capital of Indonesia), Bandung, Jogjakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. The economy, history, and art of Java are discussed in INDONESIA. N. V. ALEKSANDROVSKAIA Java[′jäv·ə]Java1Java2Java(programming, language, portability)Java first became popular by being the earliest portabledynamic client-side content for the World-Wide Web in theform of platform-independent Java "applets". In the late1990's and into the 2000's it has also become very popularon the server side, where an entire set of APIs defines the J2EE. Java is both a set of public specifications (controlled bySun Microsystems through the JCP) and a series ofimplementations of those specifications. Java is syntactially similar to C++ without user-definableoperator overloading, (though it does have methodoverloading), without multiple inheritance, and extensiveautomatic coercions. It has automatic garbage collection.Java extends C++'s object-oriented facilities with thoseof Objective C for dynamic method resolution. Whereas programs in C++ and similar languages are compiledand linked to platform-specific binary executables, Javaprograms are typically compiled to portable architecture-neutralbytecode or ".class" files, which are run using a Java Virtual Machine. The JVM is also called an interpreter,though it is more correct to say that it uses Just-In-Time Compilation to convert the bytecode into native machine code, yielding greater efficiency than most interpretedlanguages, rivalling C++ for many long-running, non-GUIapplications. The run-time system is typically written inPOSIX-compliant ANSI C or C++. Some implementationsallow Java class files to be translated into nativemachine code during or after compilation. The Java compiler and linker both enforce strong type checking - procedures must be explicitly typed. Javasupports the creation of virus-free, tamper-free systemswith authentication based on public-key encryption. Java has an extensive library of routines for all kinds ofprogramming tasks, rivalling that of other languages. For example, the "java.net} package supports TCP/IPprotocols like HTTP and FTP. Java applications canaccess objects across the Internet via URLs almost as easily ason the local file system. There are also capabilities forseveral types of distributed applications. The Java GUI libraries provide portable interfaces. For example,there is an abstract Window class and implementations of itfor Unix, Microsoft Windows and the Macintosh.The "java.awt" and "javax.swing" classes can be used either inWeb-based "Applets" or in client-side or "desktop" applications. There are also packages for developing XML applications,web services, servlets and other web applications,security, date and time calculations and I/O formatting,database (JDBC), and many others. Java is not directly related to JavaScript despite the name. http://java.sun.com/. Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.lang.java. JavaAn object-oriented programming language from Oracle that is platform independent. Developed by Sun in the early 1990s (Oracle acquired Sun in 2010), and modeled after C++, Java was originally designed for embedded applications in set-top boxes and other consumer electronics. Java ignited a revolution when Sun transitioned it to the Web in 1994. It is used in desktop computers, servers, mobile devices and Blu-ray players with more than three billion installations as of 2019.Applet, App and Servlet When a Java program is launched from a Web page, the program is called a Java "applet." When run without the Web browser on a user's machine, it is a Java "application." When running in a Web server, it is a Java "servlet." Write Once-Run Anywhere Java embodies the "write once-run anywhere" model. For example, a Java program can be moved from a Unix server to a Windows server with minimal modification most of the time. This is accomplished because Java source code is first compiled into an intermediate "bytecode" language. In order to run the bytecode, it is either compiled into machine code and then run or executed a line at a time via the Java interpreter, a runtime engine known as the "Java Virtual Machine" (JVM). There are JVMs for all major hardware platforms, which is what makes Java cross platform. When users are notified to update Java in their computers, they are updating the runtime engine (see Java Virtual Machine). See Java platform, servlet, JSP, Jini, CaffeineMark and caffeine based. Java vs. JavaScript Although they share a similar-sounding name, Java is not JavaScript (for the difference, see JavaScript). The following Java example of changing Fahrenheit to Celsius is rather wordy compared to the C example in this encyclopedia. Java is designed for GUI-based applications, and several extra lines of code are necessary here to allow input from a terminal. import java.io.*; class Convert { public static void main(String[]args) throws IOException { float fahr; StreamTokenizer in=new StreamTokenizer (new InputStreamReader(System.in)); System.out.print("Enter Fahrenheit "); in.nextToken(); fahr = (float) in.nval; System.out.println ("Celsius is " + (fahr-32)*5/9); } }
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java - a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans; "he ordered a cup of coffee"
