(John Griffith London). Born Jan. 12, 1876, in San Francisco; died Nov. 22, 1916, in Glen Ellen, near San Francisco. American writer. London was the surname of his stepfather, a bankrupt farmer.

In his youth London held many different jobs. In 1893, as a common sailor he went on his first ocean voyage, to the coast of Japan. He joined a march of the unemployed on Washington in 1894 and spent a month in prison for vagrancy. The next year he joined the American Socialist Workers’ Party; from 1901 to 1916 he was a member of the American Socialist Party. After independent study, London passed the entrance examinations of the University of California but left after the third semester for lack of money. Seized by “gold fever,” he spent the winter of 1897-98 in Alaska. In 1899 he began to publish his stories of the far north, subsequently included in the collections The Son of the Wolf (1900), The God of His Fathers (1901), and Children of the Frost (1902). The themes of these stories reappear in the novel A Daughter of the Snows (1902) and in such outstanding animal tales as The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906).

In his stories of the north London contrasts bourgeois civilization with untouched nature. However, his faith in a beneficent, purifying nature is mingled with reverence for the technical and cultural achievements of civilization and with glorification of the Anglo-Saxons, who bring this civilization to “backward” peoples. Attracted to the writings of H. Spencer and F. Nietzsche, London to some extent poeticizes the “right of the strong.” His early stories frequently portray the superiority of the white new-comers to the “redskins.” Only gradually does he come to understand the tragedy of the ruin of Alaska and of the native population of America, the Indians. In contrast to the plunderers, the positive hero of London’s stories of the north is the strong-willed, courageous individual, prepared to come to the aid of a friend and capable of great and genuine love.

The nobility of human nature and the colorful world of exotic characters and adventures also appear in London’s works on sea themes, but these works reflect the unresolved contradictions in the author’s world view. The novel The Sea Wolf (1904, Russian translation, 1911) is a complex, ambiguous work, condemning individualism and the Nietzschean philosophy of the “superman.” He forcefully criticizes the expansionist policies of American imperialism in the collection South Sea Tales (1911).

After reading Gorky’s Foma Gordeev (his review of the novel was published in 1901), defense of the downtrodden became an increasingly important aspect of London’s work. In The People of the Abyss (1903; Russian translation, 1906, under the title Lower Depths) he portrays the terrible fate of the poor in the East End of London, which he had visited a short time before. He was also a skillful reporter and a master of the documentary sketch. Several times he served as a war correspondent. Enthusiastically welcoming the Russian Revolution of 1905-07, London traveled throughout the United States, delivering lectures to worker and student audiences. He published a series of articles on the class struggle in the United States, later collected in The War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution (1910). In the novel The Iron Heel (1908, Russian translation, 1912), London sharply criticized the kings of finance and industry. This Utopian novel depicts the struggle for the social transformation of the world, for which the professional revolutionary Ernest Everhard and his comrades lay down their lives.

London’s novel Martin Eden, in which Gorky’s influence is particularly strong, appeared during the period of waning revolutionary enthusiasm and the onset of reaction in the United States. London defended the right of the writer to depict life’s harsh truths and to involve himself actively in real life. London was the first author in American literature to treat the theme of the destruction of talent. Martin Eden is alone, and his tragedy lies in his inability to find his place in the popular struggle for liberation. In 1919, V. V. Mayakovsky wrote a screenplay based on the novel (Not Born for Money) and starred in the film.

London’s political activity ceased in 1910. Shortly before his death he left the American Socialist Party, saying that he had lost faith in its “fighting spirit.” With certain exceptions, notably the play Theft (1910) and the novella The Mexican (1911), the artistic quality of London’s works between 1911 and 1916 is much below that of his earlier writings; at times they openly pander to philistine tastes. The works of these years—Time Does Not Wait(1910) The Valley of the Moon (1913), The Little Lady of the Big House (1916; Russian translation, 1924), and Hearts of Three (1920)—reflect London’s attempt to find in a “return to nature” the panacea for all social problems. In the final years of his life he suffered from a serious disease.

London, a militant writer and an innovator of themes and forms, strengthened the realistic traditions in contemporary American literature. As one of the pioneers of proletarian literature in the West, London won world-wide recognition. His books have been translated into many languages.