intestinal obstruction
| Noun | 1. | intestinal obstruction - blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel |
| 单词 | intestinal obstruction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 | intestinal obstruction
Intestinal ObstructionIntestinal Obstruction(also called ileus), interference with the passage of the intestinal contents. A distinction is made between acute (ileus) and chronic intestinal obstruction and, according to the form of the obstruction, between mechanical and dynamic, or hyperdynamic, ileus; each of these may be partial or complete. Mechanical ileus is caused by a variety of hindrances inside or outside the intestine that constrict the intestinal lumen (occlusive, or obturation, ileus owing to tumor, ascariasis, or other causes); it is also caused by disturbances of the innervation of the intestine that result in volvulus, intussusception, or nodulation (strangulated intestinal obstruction). If obturation of the intestine is incomplete, symptoms appear and disappear from time to time, and the intensification of peristalsis leads to hypertrophy of the intestinal wall over the obstruction. If obturation is complete, gases distend the intestinal loops above the site of obstruction while the loops below remain collapsed. Engorgement of the intestine causes reversed peristalsis, which helps discharge the contents through the stomach (by vomiting). Changes in the intestinal wall eventually cause infected fluid to transude from the intestinal lumen into the abdominal cavity and give rise to peritonitis. The symptoms of mechanical ileus are recurrent crampy pains in the abdomen, distention of the intestine, constipation and flatulence (there may be stools at the beginning of an attack), vomiting, tensing of the abdominal wall, and, in peritonitis, irritation of the peritoneum. In partial intestinal obstruction, the above symptoms abate after an enema (cleansing, hypertonic, or siphon enemas), but they soon recur. A rapid intensification of the symptoms and intestinal intoxication are characteristic of mechanical ileus. Death may result from peritonitis or acute metabolic disorders. Mechanical ileus is treated by surgical means. Dynamic, or hyperdynamic, ileus is based on neurovascular disturbances (spasm, aftereffects of surgery). Spastic ileus results from functional disorders, sometimes toxic influences. It is characterized by total intestinal spasm, usually transient but sometimes protracted, which interferes with the blood supply of the intestinal wall, causing necrosis and severe systemic disorders. Paralytic, or adynamic, ileus is always secondary and often complicated by peritonitis. Symptoms include acute pain in spastic ileus, and slowly increasing pain, absence of peristalsis, and, later, clapotement in paralytic ileus. The symptoms of intoxication intensify as the disturbance progresses. Correct diagnosis of the form of intestinal obstruction is of decisive importance in treatment. The treatment of dynamic ileus is mostly conservative: in the spastic form, subcutaneous injections of atropine and paranephric Novocain block; in the paralytic form, intubation of the stomach for constant aspiration of accumulations and administration of ganglionic-blocking agents. It is sometimes necessary to resort to surgery, using various methods of relieving the intestine (gastrostomy, ileostomy, cecostomy). REFERENCEKomarov, F. I. , V. A. Lisovskii, and V. G. Borisov. Ostryi zhivot i zheludochno-kishechnye krovotecheniia vpraktike terapevta i khirurga. Leningrad, 1971. (Contains a bibliography.)K. S. SIMONIAN intestinal obstructionintestinal[in-tes´tĭ-nal]Surgical removal of the cause of obstruction is necessary in cases of complete obstruction. If there is no evidence of strangulation of the bowel, the surgeon may choose to postpone surgery until dehydration and shock have been overcome and a normal electrolyte balance is restored. The type of surgical procedure performed depends on the cause of the obstruction and whether or not the intestine is gangrenous. In some cases a colostomy may be necessary along with removal of the damaged portion of the bowel. A surgical incision into the cecum with insertion of a drainage tube (cecostomy) may be done when intestinal intubation is not successful in relieving distention. The digestion of food is completed in the small intestine. The digested food is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the blood. Indigestible parts of the food pass into the large intestine. Here the liquid from the wastes is gradually absorbed back into the body through the intestinal walls. The waste itself is formed into fairly solid feces and pushed down into the rectum for evacuation. Among the disorders of the intestinal tract are the disturbances of function, such as diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome; the organic diseases, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, and ileitis; and communicable diseases, such as dysentery. Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by constipation, sometimes alternating with diarrhea. Ulcerative colitis is a disorder in which ulcers may appear in the wall of the large intestine. Ileitis is a disorder of the ileum, or lower portion of the small intestine. A symptom of both is diarrhea. Dysentery, which is characterized by diarrhea, is the result of infection by bacteria, viruses, or various parasites. obstruction[ob-struk´shun]intestinal obstructionBowel obstruction Surgery Obstruction of the intestine due to either mechanical causes–eg, volvulus, fecal impaction or nonmechanical causes–eg, paralytic ileus, see there.intestinal obstructionBlockage of the inner bore of the INTESTINE so that forward movement of the contents is prevented. This may occur as a congenital condition, as a result of twisting of the bowel (VOLVULUS), from STRANGULATION by swelling in a HERNIA, by a sleeve-like ‘telescoping’ into itself (INTUSSUSCEPTION), by impaction of hard faeces, by an internal or encircling tumour, or by a failure of the normal mechanism of PERISTALSIS by which the contents are moved along. See also ILEUS. Obstruction causes severe colicky abdominal pain, distention, constipation and often vomiting. Treatment is urgent.Intestinal Obstruction
Intestinal obstruction occurs when a blockage obstructs the normal flow of contents through the intestinal tract. Obstruction of the intestine causes the bowel to become vulnerable to ischemia. The intestinal mucosal barrier can be damaged, allowing intestinal bacteria to invade the intestinal wall and causing fluid exudation, which leads to hypovolemia and dehydration. About 7 L of fluid per day is secreted into the small intestine and stomach and is usually reabsorbed. During obstruction, however, fluid accumulates, causing abdominal distention and pressure on the mucosal wall, which can lead to peritonitis and perforation. Obstructions can be partial or complete. The most common type of intestinal obstruction is one of the small intestine from fibrous adhesions. The patient’s mortality depends on the type of lesion causing the small bowel obstruction (closed-loop or strangulated) and the time until diagnosis and treatment; when an early diagnosis is made, mortality is low, but if more than 75% of the small bowel is necrotic at the time of surgery, the mortality rate is 65%. Complications of intestinal obstruction include bacteremia, secondary infection, or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis. If it is left untreated, a complete intestinal obstruction can cause death within a few hours from hypovolemic or septic shock and vascular collapse. CausesThe two major types of intestinal obstruction are mechanical and neurogenic (or nonmechanical). Neurogenic obstruction occurs primarily after manipulation of the bowel during surgery or with peritoneal irritation, pain of thoracolumbar origin, or intestinal ischemia. It is also caused by the effect of trauma or toxins on the nerves that regulate peristalsis, electrolyte imbalances, and neurogenic abnormalities such as spinal cord lesions. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel is caused by physical blockage of the intestine. Examples of mechanical obstruction include adhesions and strangulated hernias (usually associated with the small intestine), volvulus (twisting of the intestine) of the cecum or sigmoid, intussusception (telescoping of the bowel), strictures, fecal or barium impaction, carcinomas (usually associated with the large intestine), or foreign bodies such as gallstones and fruit pits. Genetic considerationsNo clear genetic contributions to susceptibility have been defined. Gender, ethnic/racial, and life span considerationsIntestinal obstructions can occur at any age, in all races and ethnicities, and in both sexes, but they are more common in patients who have undergone major abdominal surgery or have congenital abnormalities of the bowel. When it occurs in a child, the obstruction is most likely to be an intussusception. Although small bowel obstructions in children are uncommon, the diagnosis should be considered for any child with persistent vomiting, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain; early diagnosis is critical because delayed diagnosis and treatment are associated with significant complications. Global health considerationsNo data are available. AssessmentHistoryEstablish any predisposing factors: surgery, especially abdominal surgery; radiation therapy; gallstones; Crohn’s disease; diverticular disease; ulcerative colitis; or a family history of colorectal cancer. Ask if the patient has had hiccups, which is often a symptom of intestinal obstruction. To establish the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction, ask about vomiting fecal contents, wavelike abdominal pain, or abdominal distention. Elicit a history of intense thirst, generalized malaise, or aching. A paralytic ileus usually causes a distended abdomen, with or without pain, but usually without cramping. To establish the diagnosis of large bowel obstruction, which has a slower onset of symptoms, ask about recent constipation with a history of spasmodic abdominal pain several days afterward. Establish a history of hypogastric pain and nausea. Ask if the patient has been vomiting. To establish neurogenic obstruction, ask about abdominal pain. Neurogenic obstruction characteristically produces diffuse abdominal discomfort rather than colicky pain. Establish a history of vomiting; ask the patient to describe the vomitus, which may consist of gastric and bile contents but rarely fecal contents. Physical examinationThe most common symptoms are abdominal pain and distention and vomiting. Inspect the patient’s abdomen for distention. Observe the patient’s abdomen for signs of visible peristalsis or loops of large bowel. Measure the patient’s abdominal girth every 4 hours to observe the progress of an obstruction. Auscultate the patient’s abdomen for bowel sounds in all four quadrants; you may hear rushes or borborygmus (rumbling noises in the bowels). Always auscultate the abdomen for up to 5 minutes for bowel sounds before palpation. Lack of bowel sounds can indicate a paralytic ileus. High-pitched tingling sounds with rushes can indicate a mechanical obstruction. Palpate all four quadrants of the abdomen to determine areas of localized tenderness, guarding, and rebound tenderness. Assess the patient for tachycardia, a narrowed pulse pressure, urine output less than 30 mL/hr, and delayed capillary blanching—all indicators of severe hypovolemia and impending shock. Assess for fever, which may indicate peritonitis. Inspect the patient’s skin for loss of turgor and mucous membranes for dryness. PsychosocialThe patient with an intestinal obstruction is acutely ill and may need emergency intervention. Assess the patient’s level of anxiety and fear. Assess the patient’s coping skills, support system, and the significant other's response to the illness. Diagnostic highlights
Other Tests: Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, abdominal computed tomography scan with contrast, abdominal ultrasound Primary nursing diagnosisDiagnosisFluid volume deficit related to abnormal loss of gastrointestinal fluidsOutcomesFluid balance; Hydration; Nutritional status: Food and fluid intake; Bowel elimination; Knowledge: Disease processInterventionsFluid management; Intravenous insertion and therapy; Surveillance; Venous access devices maintenance; Vital signs monitoringPlanning and implementationCollaborativesurgical.Surgery is often indicated for a complete mechanical obstruction. The operative procedure varies with the location and type of obstruction. A strangulated bowel constitutes a surgical emergency. A bowel resection may be necessary in some obstructions.Postoperative care includes monitoring the patient’s cardiopulmonary response and identifying surgical complications. The highest priority is maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation. The patient may require temporary endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to manage airway and breathing. The circulation may need support from parenteral fluids, and total parenteral nutrition may be prescribed if the patient has protein deficits. Care for the surgical site and notify the physician if you observe any signs of poor wound healing, bleeding, or infection. medical.Medical management with intravenous fluids, electrolytes, and administration of blood or plasma may be required for patients whose obstruction is caused by infection or inflammation or by a partial obstruction. Insertion of a nasogastric (NG) tube, often ordered by the physician to rest and decompress the bowel, greatly decreases abdominal distention and patient discomfort.Analgesic medication may be ordered after the cause of the obstruction is known, but it may be withheld until the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is confirmed so as to not mask pain, which is an important clinical indicator. Explore nonpharmacologic methods of pain relief. The physician may order oxygen. Usually, until the patient is stabilized, her or his condition precludes any oral intake. Pharmacologic highlights
Other Drugs: Analgesics IndependentFocus on increasing the patient’s comfort and monitoring for complications. Elevate the head of the bed to assist with patient ventilation. Position the patient in the Fowler or semi-Fowler position to ease respiratory discomfort from a distended abdomen. Reposition the patient frequently. Instruct the patient about the need to take nothing by mouth. Frequent mouth care and lubrication of the mucous membranes can assist with patient comfort. Patient teaching should include the indications and function of the NG tube. Discuss care planning with the patient and the family. Teach the causes, types, signs, and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. Explain the diagnostic tests and treatments, preparing the patient for the possibility of surgery. Explain surgical and postoperative procedures. Note the patient’s and significant others’ responses to emergency surgery if needed and provide additional support if the family or patient copes ineffectively. Evidence-Based Practice and Health PolicyMalik, A.M., Shah, M., Pathan, R., & Sufi, K. (2010). Pattern of acute intestinal obstruction: Is there a change in the underlying etiology? Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 16(4), 272–274.
Documentation guidelines
Discharge and home healthcare guidelinesTeach postoperative care to patients who have had surgery. Teach the patient how to plan a paced progression of activities. Teach the patient the dosages, routes, and side effects for all medications. Review drug and food interactions with the patient. Instruct the patient to report bowel elimination problems to the physician. Emphasize that in the case of recurrent abdominal pain, fever, or vomiting, the patient should go to the emergency department for evaluation. Patient discussion about intestinal obstructionQ. I recently had my surgery for bowel obstruction? I recently had my surgery for bowel obstruction? None of the diet was restricted for me by doctor but should I go for any special diet. intestinal obstruction
Synonyms for intestinal obstruction
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