| 释义 |
issue
is·sue I0258200 (ĭsh′o͞o)n.1. a. A point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute: What legal and moral issues should we consider?b. A matter of public concern: debated economic issues.c. A misgiving, objection, or complaint: had issues with the plan to change the curriculum.2. a. A problem or difficulty.b. A personal problem: is convinced that her boss has issues.3. a. The act of circulating, distributing, or publishing by a business, government, or organization: government issue of new bonds.b. An item or set of items, as stamps or coins, made available at one time by a business, government, or organization.c. A single copy of a periodical: the May issue of the magazine.d. A distinct set of copies of an edition of a book distinguished from others of that edition by variations in the printed matter.e. Proceeds from estates or fines.f. Something proceeding from a specified source: suspicions that were the issue of a deranged mind.g. A culminating point leading to a decision: bring a case to an issue.h. A final result or conclusion, as a solution to a problem.4. a. The act or an instance of flowing, passing, or giving out: where the lake gives issue to its waters.b. A place of egress; an outlet: a lake with no issue to the sea.5. Medicine a. A discharge, as of blood or pus.b. A lesion, wound, or ulcer producing such a discharge.6. Offspring; progeny: died without issue.v. is·sued, is·su·ing, is·sues v.intr.1. a. To flow, go, or come out: water issuing from a spring; voices issuing from a room. See Synonyms at appear.b. To proceed from a source; emerge or come forth: ideas issuing from a discussion. See Synonyms at stem1.c. To have as a consequence; result: discontent that issued in social unrest.2. To accrue as proceeds or profit: Little money issued from the stocks.3. To be born or be descended: generations issuing from an ancestor.4. To be circulated or published: books issuing from a publisher.v.tr.1. To circulate or distribute in an official capacity: issued uniforms to the players.2. To publish: issued periodic statements.3. To pour forth or send out; emit: a chimney issuing smoke.Idioms: at issue1. In question; in dispute: "Many people fail to grasp what is really at issue here" (Gail Sheehy).2. At variance; in disagreement. join issue1. To enter into controversy.2. Law To submit an issue for decision. take issue To take an opposing point of view; disagree.
[Middle English, from Old French eissue, issue, from Vulgar Latin *exūta, alteration of Latin exita, feminine past participle of exīre, to go out : ex-, ex- + īre, to go; see ei- in Indo-European roots.]
is′su·er n.is′sue·less adj.Usage Note: People often use issue to refer to a problem, difficulty, or condition, especially an embarrassing or discrediting one. The word is frequently used in the plural. Thus, a business executive who has been accused of fraud is said to have legal issues, a company facing bankruptcy has financial issues, and a person who picks fights may have anger management issues. Some people dislike this usage, claiming that it is imprecise or euphemistic. The majority of the Usage Panel frowned on it in 2002, but in just over ten years, opinion has shifted such that a majority now find it acceptable. In our 2013 survey, 78 percent of the Usage Panel accepted issue in these examples: That kid has issues and needs to see the guidance counselor. I don't want to hire someone who has issues with carrying out orders from an authority. Although the acceptance was lukewarm (about a third of the panelists found these sentences only "somewhat acceptable"), this is a substantial increase over the 39 percent who accepted similar sentences in 2002. A similar shift of opinion has occurred concerning the use of issue for a technical problem. In 2002, only 18 percent of Panelists approved of the sentence There were a number of issues installing the printer driver in the new release of the software. By 2013, approval had risen to 68 percent. Although issue is now widely acceptable, choosing another word, such as glitch, problem, or complication, can often lend precision to your writing. issue (ˈɪʃuː; ˈɪsjuː) n1. the act of sending or giving out something; supply; delivery2. something issued; an edition of stamps, a magazine, etc3. (Banking & Finance) the number of identical items, such as banknotes or shares in a company, that become available at a particular time4. the act of emerging; outflow; discharge5. something flowing out, such as a river6. a place of outflow; outlet7. the descendants of a person; offspring; progeny8. a topic of interest or discussion9. an important subject requiring a decision10. an outcome or consequence; result11. (Pathology) pathol a. a suppurating soreb. discharge from a wound12. (Law) law the matter remaining in dispute between the parties to an action after the pleadings13. (Law) the yield from or profits arising out of land or other property14. (Military) military the allocation of items of government stores, such as food, clothing, and ammunition15. (Library Science & Bibliography) library science a. the system for recording current loansb. the number of books loaned in a specified period16. obsolete an act, deed, or proceeding17. at issue a. under discussionb. in disagreement18. force the issue to compel decision on some matter19. join issue a. to join in controversyb. to submit an issue for adjudication20. take issue to disagreevb, -sues, -suing or -sued21. to come forth or emerge or cause to come forth or emerge22. (Journalism & Publishing) to publish or deliver (a newspaper, magazine, etc)23. (tr) to make known or announce24. (intr) to originate or proceed25. (intr) to be a consequence; result26. (foll by: in) to end or terminate27. (Military) (tr) a. to give out or allocate (equipment, a certificate, etc) officially to someoneb. (foll by with) to supply officially (with)[C13: from Old French eissue way out, from eissir to go out, from Latin exīre, from ex-1 + īre to go] ˈissueless adj ˈissuer nis•sue (ˈɪʃ u; esp. Brit. ˈɪs yu)
n., v. -sued, -su•ing. n. 1. the act of sending out or putting forth; promulgation; distribution. 2. a series of things or one of a series of things that is printed, published, or distributed at one time: a new bond issue; the latest issue of a magazine. 3. a point in question or a matter that is in dispute. 4. a matter or dispute, the decision of which is of special or public importance. 5. a point at which a matter is ready for decision: to bring a case to an issue. 6. something proceeding from any source, as a product, result, or consequence. 7. the result or outcome of a proceeding, affair, etc. 8. offspring; progeny: to die without issue. 9. a going, coming, passing, or flowing out. 10. a place or means of egress; outlet or exit. 11. something that comes out, as an outflowing stream. 12. a distribution of food rations, clothing, or equipment to military personnel. 13. a. a discharge of blood, pus, or the like. b. an incision, ulcer, or the like, emitting such a discharge. 14. issues, (in English law) the profits from land or other property. v.t. 15. to deliver for use, sale, etc.; put into circulation. 16. to mint, print, or publish for sale or distribution. 17. to distribute (food, clothing, etc.) to military personnel. 18. to send out; discharge; emit. v.i. 19. to go, pass, or flow out; emerge: to issue forth to battle. 20. to be sent, put forth, or distributed authoritatively or publicly. 21. to be printed or published. 22. to originate or proceed from any source. 23. to arise as a result or consequence; result. 24. to be born or descended. 25. to come as a yield or profit, as from land. Idioms: 1. at issue, being disputed; as yet undecided. 2. join issue, a. to enter into controversy. b. to submit an issue jointly for legal decision. 3. take issue, to disagree; dispute. [1275–1325; Middle English < Middle French: place or passage out] is′sue•less, adj. is′su•er, n. issueIf something is issued to you, it is officially given to you. Radios were issued to the troops.The boots issued to them had fallen to bits.You can also say that someone is issued with something. This is a formal use in American English. She was issued with travel documents.Staff will be issued with new grey-and-yellow designer uniforms.issue
Past participle: issued
Gerund: issuing
| Present |
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| I issue | | you issue | | he/she/it issues | | we issue | | you issue | | they issue |
| Preterite |
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| I issued | | you issued | | he/she/it issued | | we issued | | you issued | | they issued |
| Present Continuous |
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| I am issuing | | you are issuing | | he/she/it is issuing | | we are issuing | | you are issuing | | they are issuing |
| Present Perfect |
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| I have issued | | you have issued | | he/she/it has issued | | we have issued | | you have issued | | they have issued |
| Past Continuous |
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| I was issuing | | you were issuing | | he/she/it was issuing | | we were issuing | | you were issuing | | they were issuing |
| Past Perfect |
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| I had issued | | you had issued | | he/she/it had issued | | we had issued | | you had issued | | they had issued |
| Future |
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| I will issue | | you will issue | | he/she/it will issue | | we will issue | | you will issue | | they will issue |
| Future Perfect |
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| I will have issued | | you will have issued | | he/she/it will have issued | | we will have issued | | you will have issued | | they will have issued |
| Future Continuous |
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| I will be issuing | | you will be issuing | | he/she/it will be issuing | | we will be issuing | | you will be issuing | | they will be issuing |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
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| I have been issuing | | you have been issuing | | he/she/it has been issuing | | we have been issuing | | you have been issuing | | they have been issuing |
| Future Perfect Continuous |
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| I will have been issuing | | you will have been issuing | | he/she/it will have been issuing | | we will have been issuing | | you will have been issuing | | they will have been issuing |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
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| I had been issuing | | you had been issuing | | he/she/it had been issuing | | we had been issuing | | you had been issuing | | they had been issuing |
| Conditional |
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| I would issue | | you would issue | | he/she/it would issue | | we would issue | | you would issue | | they would issue |
| Past Conditional |
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| I would have issued | | you would have issued | | he/she/it would have issued | | we would have issued | | you would have issued | | they would have issued |
Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | issue - an important question that is in dispute and must be settled; "the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone"; "politicians never discuss the real issues"cognitive content, mental object, content - the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learnedgut issue, hot-button issue - an issue that elicits strong emotional reactionsparamount issue - an issue whose settlement is more important than anything else; and issue that must be settled before anything else can be settledbread-and-butter issue, pocketbook issue - an issue whose settlement will affect financial resourcesquodlibet - an issue that is presented for formal disputation | | 2. | issue - one of a series published periodically; "she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room"numberperiodical - a publication that appears at fixed intervalsserial publication, serial, series - a periodical that appears at scheduled timesedition - an issue of a newspaper; "he read it in yesterday's edition of the Times" | | 3. |  issue - some situation or event that is thought about; "he kept drifting off the topic"; "he had been thinking about the subject for several years"; "it is a matter for the police"matter, topic, subjectcognitive content, mental object, content - the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learnedarea - a subject of study; "it was his area of specialization"; "areas of interest include..."blind spot - a subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment; "golf is one of his blind spots and he's proud of it"remit - the topic that a person, committee, or piece of research is expected to deal with or has authority to deal with; "they set up a group with a remit to suggest ways for strengthening family life"res adjudicata, res judicata - a matter already settled in court; cannot be raised again | | 4. | issue - the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity); "a new issue of stamps"; "the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago"issuance, issuingsupplying, provision, supply - the activity of supplying or providing somethingstock issue - (corporation law) the authorization and delivery of shares of stock for sale to the public or the shares thus offered at a particular time | | 5. |  issue - supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the governmentgovernment issue, military issuearmed forces, armed services, military, military machine, war machine - the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"fund, store, stock - a supply of something available for future use; "he brought back a large store of Cuban cigars" | | 6. | issue - the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property; "the average return was about 5%"proceeds, take, takings, yield, payoff, returnincome - the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of timeeconomic rent, rent - the return derived from cultivated land in excess of that derived from the poorest land cultivated under similar conditionspayback - financial return or reward (especially returns equal to the initial investment) | | 7. |  issue - a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event"consequence, effect, result, upshot, outcome, eventphenomenon - any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoningoffspring, materialisation, materialization - something that comes into existence as a result; "industrialism prepared the way for acceptance of the French Revolution's various socialistic offspring"; "this skyscraper is the solid materialization of his efforts"aftereffect - any result that follows its cause after an intervalaftermath, wake, backwash - the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event); "the aftermath of war"; "in the wake of the accident no one knew how many had been injured"bandwagon effect - the phenomenon of a popular trend attracting even greater popularity; "in periods of high merger activity there is a bandwagon effect with more and more firms seeking to engage in takeover activity"; "polls are accused of creating a bandwagon effect to benefit their candidate"brisance - the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosionbutterfly effect - the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicagobyproduct, by-product - a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequencechange - the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains"coattails effect - (politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same political party; "he counted on the coattails effect to win him the election"Coriolis effect - (physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemispheredent - an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening); "it made a dent in my bank account"domino effect - the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall)harvest - the consequence of an effort or activity; "they gathered a harvest of examples"; "a harvest of love"wallop, impact - a forceful consequence; a strong effect; "the book had an important impact on my thinking"; "the book packs a wallop"influence - the effect of one thing (or person) on another; "the influence of mechanical action"knock-on effect - a secondary or incidental effectoffshoot, outgrowth, branch, offset - a natural consequence of developmentproduct - a consequence of someone's efforts or of a particular set of circumstances; "skill is the product of hours of practice"; "his reaction was the product of hunger and fatigue"placebo effect - any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do; pharmacologists were the first to talk about placebo effects but now the idea has been generalized to many situations having nothing to do with drugsposition effect - (genetics) the effect on the expression of a gene that is produced by changing its location in a chromosomerepercussion, reverberation - a remote or indirect consequence of some action; "his declaration had unforeseen repercussions"; "reverberations of the market crash were felt years later"response - a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa"fallout, side effect - any adverse and unwanted secondary effect; "a strategy to contain the fallout from the accounting scandal"spillover - (economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure | | 8. |  issue - the immediate descendants of a person; "she was the mother of many offspring"; "he died without issue"offspring, progenybaby - the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young); "the baby of the family"; "the baby of the Supreme Court"by-blow, illegitimate, illegitimate child, love child, whoreson, bastard - the illegitimate offspring of unmarried parentschild, kid - a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age; "they had three children"; "they were able to send their kids to college"eldest, firstborn - the offspring who came first in the order of birthgrandchild - a child of your son or daughterrelative, relation - a person related by blood or marriage; "police are searching for relatives of the deceased"; "he has distant relations back in New Jersey"heir, successor - a person who inherits some title or office | | 9. | issue - the becoming visible; "not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins"egress, emergencebeginning - the event consisting of the start of something; "the beginning of the war"eruption - the emergence of a tooth as it breaks through the gumdissilience - the emergence of seeds as seed pods burst open when they are ripe | | 10. |  issue - an opening that permits escape or release; "he blocked the way out"; "the canyon had only one issue"exit, way out, outletopening - a vacant or unobstructed space that is man-made; "they left a small opening for the cat at the bottom of the door"outfall - the outlet of a river or drain or other source of water | | 11. | issue - the act of issuing printed materialspublicationprinting - the business of producing printed material for sale or distribution | | Verb | 1. | issue - prepare and issue for public distribution or sale; "publish a magazine or newspaper"publish, bring out, release, put outpublicize, bare, publicise, air - make public; "She aired her opinions on welfare"edit - supervise the publication of; "The same family has been editing the influential newspaper for almost 100 years" | | 2. | issue - circulate or distribute or equip with; "issue a new uniform to the children"; "supply blankets for the beds"supplyunfreeze, unblock, release, free - make (assets) available; "release the holdings in the dictator's bank account"reissue - issue (a new version of); "if you forget your password, it can be changed and reissued"distribute - make available; "The publisher wants to distribute the book in Asia"free, release - make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners"recall - make unavailable; bar from sale or distribution; "The company recalled the product when it was found to be faulty" | | 3. | issue - bring out an official document (such as a warrant)communicate, intercommunicate - transmit thoughts or feelings; "He communicated his anxieties to the psychiatrist" | | 4. | issue - come out of; "Water issued from the hole in the wall"; "The words seemed to come out by themselves"come forth, egress, emerge, go forth, come outpop out - come out suddenly or forcefully; "you stick a bill in the vending machine and the change pops out"radiate - issue or emerge in rays or waves; "Heat radiated from the metal box"leak - enter or escape as through a hole or crack or fissure; "Water leaked out of the can into the backpack"; "Gas leaked into the basement"escape - issue or leak, as from a small opening; "Gas escaped into the bedroom"fall - come out; issue; "silly phrases fell from her mouth"debouch - pass out or emerge; especially of rivers; "The tributary debouched into the big river"fall out, come out - come off; "His hair and teeth fell out" | | 5. |  issue - make out and issue; "write out a check"; "cut a ticket"; "Please make the check out to me"make out, write out, cutwrite - communicate or express by writing; "Please write to me every week"check - write out a check on a bank account |
issuenoun1. topic, point, matter, problem, business, case, question, concern, subject, affair, argument, theme, controversy, can of worms (informal) Is it right for the Church to express a view on political issues?2. point, question, concern, bone of contention, matter of contention, point in question I wasn't earning much money, but that was not the issue.3. edition, printing, copy, impression, publication, number, instalment, imprint, version The problem is underlined in the latest issue of the Lancet.4. children, young, offspring, babies, kids (informal), seed (chiefly biblical), successors, heirs, descendants, progeny, scions He died without issue in 1946.
children parent, sire5. distribution, issuing, supply, supplying, delivery, publication, circulation, sending out, dissemination, dispersal, issuance the issue of supplies to refugeesverb1. give out, release, publish, announce, deliver, spread, broadcast, distribute, communicate, proclaim, put out, circulate, emit, impart, disseminate, promulgate, put in circulation He issued a statement denying the allegations.2. supply, give, provide, stock, grant, afford, yield, outfit, equip, furnish, endow, purvey Staff will be issued with new designer uniforms.3. emerge, came out, proceed, rise, spring, flow, arise, stem, originate, emanate, exude, come forth, be a consequence of A tinny voice issued from a speaker. give out withdraw, revokeat issue under discussion, in question, in dispute, under consideration, to be decided, for debate The problems of immigration were not the question at issue.take issue with something or someone disagree with, question, challenge, oppose, dispute, object to, argue with, take exception to, raise an objection to She might take issue with you on that matter.issuenoun1. The act or process of publishing printed matter:printing, publication, publishing.2. Something brought about by a cause:aftermath, consequence, corollary, effect, end product, event, fruit, harvest, outcome, precipitate, ramification, result, resultant, sequel, sequence, sequent, upshot.3. A group consisting of those descended directly from the same parents or ancestors:brood, get, offspring, posterity, progeny, seed.4. A situation that presents difficulty, uncertainty, or perplexity:hornets' nest, problem, question.Informal: can of worms.verb1. To pass or pour out:discharge, empty, flow.2. To discharge material, as vapor or fumes, usually suddenly and violently:emit, give, give forth, give off, give out, let off, let out, release, send forth, throw off, vent.3. To come into view:appear, emerge, loom, materialize, show.Idioms: make an appearance, meet the eye.4. To have hereditary derivation:derive, descend, spring.Idiom: trace one's descent.5. To present for circulation, exhibit, or sale:bring out, publish, put out.6. To have as a source:arise, come, derive, emanate, flow, originate, proceed, rise, spring, stem, upspring.Translationsissue (ˈiʃuː) verb1. to give or send out, or to distribute, especially officially. The police issued a description of the criminal; Rifles were issued to the troops. 發佈 发布2. to flow or come out (from something). A strange noise issued from the room. 流出，發出 流出，发出 noun1. the act of issuing or process of being issued. Stamp collectors like to buy new stamps on the day of issue. 發行 发行2. one number in the series of a newspaper, magazine etc. Have you seen the latest issue of that magazine? (報刊等)期、號 （报刊等）期、号 3. a subject for discussion and argument. The question of pay is not an important issue at the moment. 回教 问题issue
issue n. problem. (In colloquial use, issue has virtually replaced the word problem. It is even heard in a few idioms such as Do you have an issue with that?) I had an issue with my car this morning. It wouldn’t start. You are late again! Do you have an issue with our office hours? See:- at issue
- cloud the issue
- confuse the issue
- cut to the pith (of something)
- dead issue
- force the issue
- fudge the issue
- get to the heart of (something)
- issue
- issue (forth) from (some thing or place)
- issue (something) as (something)
- issue (something) to (one)
- issue a call for
- issue a call for (something)
- issue as
- issue from
- issue from some place
- issue to
- issue with
- issue with (something)
- join issue
- join issue with (someone or something)
- make a point of
- make an issue (out) of (something)
- make an issue of
- make an issue of/out of something
- side issue
- take issue
- take issue with
- take issue with (someone or something)
- take issue with somebody
- the root of the issue
issue
issue1. Pathola. a suppurating sore b. discharge from a wound 2. Law the matter remaining in dispute between the parties to an action after the pleadings 3. the yield from or profits arising out of land or other property Issue in banking, the placing of money and securities in circulation. In the capitalist countries, money is issued by central banks (or banks of issue) and treasuries, which issue, respectively, bank notes and treasury notes and coins. Commercial banks handle noncash payments, which are made by means of checks based on deposits; the volume of checks issued considerably exceeds that of bank notes. In the capitalist countries that have the highest concentration of bank capital, most of the deposits are held by the biggest monopoly banks. The different issue systems that have evolved in different countries are designed to regulate the issue of bank notes, the amounts issued, and the norms and forms of availability of the issue. In Great Britain, an act adopted during the ministry of Robert Peel (1844) imposed a firm ceiling on fiduciary issue (issue not backed by gold) at £14 million; all bank notes in excess of the ceiling had to have 100-percent gold backing. The act, however, did not place a general ceiling on the issue of bank notes. The issue system established in France in 1870 imposed a ceiling of 1.8 billion francs on the total issue of bank notes, whether or not backed by metal. The Bank of France was authorized to determine the extent of metal backing of an issue; the ceiling on issues was subsequently raised, and on the eve of World War I it amounted to 6.8 billion francs. In Germany, according to a law of 1875, the ceiling on issue not backed by gold was set at 250 million marks for the Reichsbank and 135 million marks for 32 other German issuing institutions; in addition, the principle of “one-third backing” for bank notes was introduced—that is, bank notes required at least one-third metal backing. In 1897, Russia established an issue system that authorized the State Bank to issue up to 300 million rubles in bank notes not backed by gold and up to 600 million rubles in bank notes with at least 60-percent gold backing; all issue exceeding the limit had to have 100-percent gold backing. Some countries have allowed the legal ceiling on unbacked issue to be raised upon payment of an “issue tax.” In 1875, Germany instituted a tax amounting to 5 percent of the excess sum over the legally authorized ceiling. In the United States, a law passed in 1913 stipulated a tax of 1 percent to accompany the reduction of the backing standard from 40 percent to 32.5 percent; further reductions would be accompanied by corresponding increases in the tax—for example, a tax of 1.5 percent would be imposed with a further 2.5-percent reduction of the backing standard. In the early 20th century, the metal backing of bank notes diminished in importance. The chief problem was to ensure the elasticity of monetary circulation in connection with the acute monetary and credit crises and the accompanying cyclical fluctuations in business conditions. The paper-credit backing of issues rose in importance. Thus, according to the law of 1913 instituting the Federal Reserve System (FRS) of the USA, at least 40 percent of the bank notes issued were to be backed by gold, and the other 60 percent by discounted promissory notes and acceptances (transferable bills of exchange). With World War I, issues of paper money not backed by metal increased enormously. The gold standard, which had been restored in reduced form in the 1920’s, collapsed in virtually all countries during the world economic crisis of 1929–33. Gold reserves were transferred by the central banks to the currency stabilization funds of the various treasuries, and in most countries they ceased to be used to back internal issues. The gold standard was kept at 40 percent in Switzerland, 33 percent in Belgium, and 25 percent in Portugal. In the USA the standard metal backing, reduced from 40 percent to 25 percent in 1945, was maintained until 1968; in practice, however, it had only formal significance. Government securities became the major form of backing of bank notes. As of Jan. 1, 1977, bank notes in circulation in the USA amounted to $83.7 billion and were backed by $97 billion in government bonds belonging to the FRS. Bank notes circulating in Great Britain in November 1976 amounted to more than £6.6 billion and were backed by approximately £8 billion in government bonds on deposit in the Bank of England. The issuance of a large volume of bank notes backed by government securities is an important factor in the inflationary rise in prices and in the progressive devaluation of money. The regulation of deposits and the checking of transactions are more complicated than the regulation of cash issues. Banks in the capitalist countries try to regulate deposits by limiting the cash reserves of commercial banks; they cannot, however, maintain the officially established rate of increase of monetary issue in view of the spontaneous inflation of money in circulation. In Great Britain, for example, the average annual increment in the money supply (including demand deposits) between 1971 and 1976 was generally from 14 to 19 percent, which was several times greater than the growth rate of the gross national product and trade turnover. The same is true with respect to the circulation of money in Japan, Italy, Canada, and the USA. Securities (stocks and bonds) are issued by stock companies operating in industry, trade, utilities, consumer services, and credit and finance; they are also issued by the central and local agencies of the bourgeois states. Furthermore, foreign stock companies or banks may issue their own securities in the money market of a given country. Securities issued by stock companies serve as a means of mobilizing long-term capital (known as floated capital). Modern monopolies issue small shares of stock and have hundreds of thousands and sometimes even millions of stockholders. The financial oligarchy has actual control over the stock companies. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, an increasingly high proportion of the bonds issued, instead of being sold on the market to individual investors, were distributed among a small group of financial institutions (for example, insurance companies) through the sale of the bonded debt in its entirety. In 1975, private companies in the United States issued $53.3 billion in securities (including $10.9 billion for the replacement of expired securities). Of this sum, $40.5 billion were in the form of bonds, and $12.8 billion in stocks. In addition, local authorities floated $30.6 billion in bond issues. In Great Britain, securities issued by private enterprises in 1975 amounted to more than £1.8 billion, including almost £0.3 million in foreign securities; securities issued by local authorities and state enterprises amounted to more than £1 billion. The steadily increasing volume of government bonds issued in the capitalist countries reflects the chronic imbalance of budgets burdened by huge state expenditures, including defense spending and the cost of state-monopoly regulation of the economy. In the USA, for example, the federal debt increased from $45.9 billion in 1939 to $620.4 billion in 1976. The major increase in the volume of government bonds issued took place during World War II and at the time of the war in Vietnam (1964–73). A special category of securities is that of international issues; these amounted to $30 billion in 1976, including foreign bonds placed on the market in the USA ($1.0 billion) and in other countries ($5.8 billion), as well as Eurobonds ($14.1 billion), which represent part of the European capital market ($230 billion as of the end of September 1976). In the socialist countries, money is issued in the form of bank notes and treasury notes in accordance with the requirements of the national economy and is regulated on a planned basis. In the USSR, money is issued or withdrawn from circulation by the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) in accordance with credit and cash plans. Starting in 1922, bank notes issued by Gosbank had 25-percent metal backing—in gold and other precious metals— while the remaining percentage was backed by other Gosbank assets. Reserve funds of bank notes and coins have been established in the various Gosbank institutions for the operational manipulation of issuable resources. The ceiling placed on such reserve funds is confirmed by the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the national economy as a whole, and by the Gosbank board or republic offices for individual institutions. Money is placed into circulation on the basis of a special authorization for its issue The only kinds of securities issued in the socialist countries are state bonds. The funds obtained through such borrowing are used by the state to develop the socialist economy and to finance sociocultural undertakings. REFERENCESMarx, K. Kapital, vol. 1, ch. 3. K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23.
Marx, K. Kapital, vol. 3, chs. 34, 35. Ibid., vol. 25, part 2.
Denezhnoe obrashchenie i kredit SSSR. Moscow, 1976.
Usoskin, V. M. Finansovaia i denezhno-kreditnaia sistema SShA. Moscow, 1976.
Denezhnoe obrashchenie i kredit kapitalisticheskikh stran. Moscow, 1977.V. M. USOSKIN issue
issue [ish´oo] a discharge of pus, blood, or other matter; a suppurating lesion emitting such a discharge.is·sue (ish'yū), Archaic term for a discharge of pus, blood, or other matter. [Fr. a going out] issue (ĭsh′o͞o)n. Medicine 1. A discharge, as of blood or pus.2. A lesion, wound, or ulcer producing such a discharge.Forensics noun A legal term for a child or children, as in, ‘the issue of marriage’
Transfusion medicine verb To dispense
Vox populi noun See Guaranteed standard issueissue Vox populi A euphemism for a problem, as in “he has issues”. See Core issue, Guaranteed standard issue. Patient discussion about issueQ. what sort of health issues may arise? I am a pizza lover. My friends do not take it; it’s my bad luck that I have them alone. They say it’s not good for health. Yet I have no health issues. So, just wanted to know while having pizza what sort of health issues may arise?A. People are having pizza from many decades and it’s a type of Combination Food, where two or more food groups combine. Combination Foods are great sources of nutrients because they combine the nutrients from several foods. They have only been criticized for being high-calorie content. But if you are burning the required calorie every day you can take it but not at frequent intervals and yes it tastes yummy…. Q. Is it effective to determine the problem? How is the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy done and is it effective to determine the problem?A. actually it will come with three common symptoms such as : positive pregnancy, abdominal pain or cramp, and bleeding. if you're happened to feel one of those symptoms, i'll suggest you to go see your ob-gyn specialist, then the doctor will do the physical examination on you, and will confirm the diagnosis with ultrasound. Q. Has anyone ever had this problem? My grandfather is showing all the symptoms of bipolar disorder. My aunt is a nurse and she confirms that he is a bipolar. We can't tell him that he is sick and he will not stay in hospital. As far my knowledge, it will take years to get diagnosed for bipolar and I am worried about his health and he is making my family miserable. How can we get help him? Has anyone ever had this problem?A. This is not as uncommon as you would think... You can not forse someone to admit they have a problem or to get treatment. What you can control is you and how you deal with him. You can set boundaries and your family can set boundaries. Sometimes it takes a mojor change to motivate them to seek the help they need. It is unfortunate and difficult to have to make these changes but sometimes it is what it takes. You can also try to talk to him when he is not experiencing an episode (be it mania or depression) Perhaps catching him on tape in a mania so you can show him how these episodes manifest and explain to him the ways that it makes you and your family feel. Try to be understanding and compassionate with what he is going through and understand that what you are going through watching him in these states is only a fraction of what he is going through... Love and patience is so important but it is also important not to comprimise yourself in the process... I hope for all the bes More discussions about issueissue
IssueTo promulgate or send out. In a lawsuit, a disputed point of law or Question of Fact, set forth in the pleadings, that is alleged by one party and denied by the other. In the law governing the transfer or distribution of property, a child, children, and all individuals who descend from a common ancestor or descendents of any degree. As applied to notes or bonds of a series, date of issue means the day fixed as the start of the period for which they run, with no reference to a specific date when the bonds or notes are to be sold and delivered. With regard to bonds only, bonds are issued to the purchaser when they are delivered. When an issue of fact arises, the court or jury must consider and evaluate the weight of the evidence in order to reach a decision. An issue of law exists thereby providing a ground for a Summary Judgment sought by a party to the action when only one conclusion can be drawn by the court from the undisputed evidence, obviating the need for deliberation by a jury. The term issue is frequently found in provisions of a deed. In testamentary matters, the meaning of issue is derived from the intent of the testator, a maker of a will. The intent is determined from the provisions of the will. issue1) n. a person's children or other lineal descendants such as grandchildren and great-grandchildren. It does not mean all heirs, but only the direct bloodline. Occasionally, there is a problem in determining whether a writer of a will or deed meant issue to include descendants beyond his or her immediate children. While a child or children are alive, issue refers only to them, but if they are deceased then it will apply to the next generation unless there is language in the document which shows it specifically does not apply to them. 2) n. any matter of dispute in a legal controversy or lawsuit, very commonly used in such phrases as "the legal issues are," "the factual issues are," "this is an issue which the judge must decide," or "please, counsel, let us know what issues you have agreed upon." 3) v. to send out, promulgate, publish or make the original distribution, such as a corporation selling and distributing shares of stock to its initial investors. 4) n. the shares of stock or bonds of a corporation which have been sold and distributed. (See: corporation, incorporation) issue 1 descendants. 2 the matter remaining in dispute between the parties to an action after the pleadings. 3 in Scots practice, a question for a jury in a civil case. 4 the yield from or profits arising out of land or other property. ISSUE, kindred. This term is of very extensive import, in its most enlarged signification, and includes all persons who have descended from a common ancestor. 17 Ves. 481; 19. Ves. 547; 3 Ves. 257; 1 Rop. Leg. 88 and see Wilmot's Notes, 314, 321. But when this word is used in a will, in order to give effect to the testator's intention it will be construed in a more restricted sense than its legal import conveys. 7 Ves. 522; 19 Ves. 73; 1 Rop. Leg. 90. Vide Bac. Ab. Curtesy of England, D; 8 Com. Dig. 473; and article Legatee, II. Sec. 4. ISSUE, pleading. An issue, in pleading, is defined to be a single, certain and material point issuing out of the allegations of the parties, and consisting, regularly, of an affirmative and negative. In common parlance, issue also signifies the entry of the pleadings. 1 Chit. Pl. 630.
2. Issues are material when properly formed on some material point, which will decide the question in dispute between the parties; and immaterial, when formed on some immaterial fact, which though found by the verdict will not determine the merits of the cause, and would leave the court at a loss how to give judgment. 2 Saund. 319, n. 6.
3. Issues are also divided into issues in law and issues in fact. 1. An issue in law admits all the facts and rests simply upon a question of, law. It is said to consist of a single point, but by this it must be understood that such issue involves, necessarily, only a single rule or principle of law, or that it brings into question the legal sufficiency of a single fact only. It is meant that such an issue reduces the whole controversy to the single question, whether the facts confessed by the issue are sufficient in law to maintain the action or defence of the party who alleged them. 2. An issue in fact, is one in which the parties disagree as to their existence, one affirming they exist, and the other denying it. By the common law, every issue in fact, subject to some exceptions, which are noticed below, must consist of a direct affirmative allegation on the one side, and of a direct negative on the other. Co. Litt. 126, a; Bac. Ab. Pleas, &c. G 1; 5 Pet. 149; 2 Black. R. 1312; 8 T. R. 278. But it has been holden that when the defendant pleaded that he was born in France, and the plaintiff replied that he was born in England, it was sufficient to form a good issue. 1 Wils. 6; 2 Str. 1177. In this case, it will be observed, there were two affirmatives, and the ground upon which the issue was holden to be good is that the second affirmative is so contrary to the first, that the first cannot in any degree be true. The exceptions above mentioned to the rule that a direct affirmative and a direct negative are required, are the following: 1st. The general issue upon a writ of right is formed by two affirmatives: the demandant, on one side, avers that he has greater right than the tenant; and, on the other, that the tenant has a greater right than the demandant. This issue is called the mise. (q. v.) Lawes, Pl. 232; 3 Chit. Pl. 652: 3 Bl. Com. 195, 305. 2d. In an action of dower, the court merely demands the third part of acres of land, &c., as the dower of the demandant of the endowment of A B, heretofore the husband, &c., and the general issue is, that A B was not seised of such estate, &c., and that he could not endow the demandant thereof, &c. 2 Saund. 329, 330. This mode of negation, instead of being direct, is merely argumentative, and argumentativeness is not generally allowed in pleading.
4. Issues in fact are divided into general issues, special issues, and common issues.
5. The general issue denies in direct terms the whole declaration; as in personal actions, where the defendant pleads nil debet, that he owes the plaintiff nothing; or non culpabilis, that he is not guilty of the facts alleged in the declaration; or in real actions, where the defendant pleads nul tort, no wrong done or nul disseisin, no disseisin committed. These pleas, and the like, are called general issues, because, by importing an absolute and general denial of all the matters alleged in the declaration, they at once put them all in issue.
6. Formerly the general issue was seldom pleaded, except where the defendant meant wholly to deny the charge alleged against him for when he meant to avoid and justify the charge, it was usual for him to set forth the particular ground of his defence as, a special plea, which appears to have been necessary' to apprize the court and the plaintiff of the particular nature and circumstances of the defendant's case, and was originally intended to keep the law and the fact distinct. And even now it is an invariable rule, that every defence which cannot be, specially pleaded, may be given in evidence at the trial upon the general issue, so the defendant is in many cases obliged to plead the particular circumstances of his defence specially, and cannot give them in evidence on that general plea. But the science of special pleading having been frequently perverted to the purposes of chicane and delay, the courts have in some instances, and the legislature in others, permitted the general issue to be pleaded, and special matter to be given in evidence under it at the trial, which at once includes the facts, the equity, and the law of the case. 3 Bl. Com. 305, 6; 3 Green. Ev. Sec. 9.
7. The special issue is when the defendant takes issue upon only one substantial part of the declaration, and rests the weight of his case upon it; he is then said to take a special issue, in contradistinction to tho general issue, which denies and puts in issue the whole of the declaration. Com. Dig. Pleader, R 1, 2.
8. Common issue is the name given to that which is formed on the single plea of non est factum, when pleaded to an action of covenant broken. This is so called, because to an action of covenant broken there can properly be no general issue, since the plea of non est fadum, which denies the deed only, and not the breach, does not put the whole declaration in issue. 1 Chit. Pl. 482; Lawes on Pl. 113; Gould, Pl. c. 6, part 1, Sec. 7 and Sec. 10, 2.
9. Issues are formal and informal.
10. A formal issue is one which is formed according to the rules required by law, in a proper and artificial manner.
11. An informal issue is one which arises when a material allegation is traversed in an improper or artificial manner. Ab. Pleas, &c., G 2, N 5; 2 Saund. 319, a, n. 6. The defect is cured by verdict., by the statute of 32 H. VIII. c. 30.
12. Issues are also divided into actual and feigned issues.
13. An actual issue is one formed in an action brought in the regular manner, for the purpose of trying a question of right between the parties.
14. A feigned issue is one directed by a court, generally by a court exercising equitable powers, for the purpose of trying before a jury a matter in dispute between the parties. When in a court of equity any matter of fact is strongly contested, the court usually directs the matter to be tried by a jury, especially such important facts as the validity of a will, or whether A is the heir at law of B.
15. But as no jury is summoned to attend this court, the fact is usually directed to be tried in a court of law upon a feigned issue. For this purpose an action is brought in which the plaintiff by a fiction dares that he laid a wager for a sum of money with the defendant, for example, that a certain paper is the last will and testament of A; then avers it is his will, and therefore demands the money; the defendant admits the wager but avers that, it is not the will of A, and thereupon that. issue is joined, which is directed out of chancery to be tried; and thus the verdict of the jurors at law determines the fact in the court of equity.
16. These feigned issues are frequently used in the courts of law, by consent of the parties, to determine some disputed rights without the formality of pleading, and by this practice much time and expense are saved in the decision of a cause. 3 Bl. Com. 452. The consent of the court must also be previously obtained; for the trial of a feigned issue without such consent is a contempt, which will authorize the court to order the proceeding to be stayed, and punish the parties engaged. 4 T. R. 402. See Fictitious action. See, generally Bouv. Inst. Index, h. t. Issue
IssueA particular financial asset.IssueA set of securities that a company or government offers for sale. That is, when a company sells stocks or bonds to the public (or offers them for private placement) the collection of stocks or bonds is said to be an issue. If the company or government is selling a set for the first time, it is said to be making a new issue. Typically, issues of securities may be bought and sold on the open market.issue A particular grouping of an organization's securities. For example, General Motors has a number of different issues of preferred stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
issue To sell securities in the primary market. For example, in late 1996, Florida Panthers Holdings, Inc., owner of the NHL hockey team, issued 2,700,000 Class A shares of common stock at a price of $10 per share.Issue.When a corporation offers a stock or bond for sale, or a government offers a bond, the security is known as an issue, and the company or government is the issuer. See ISS
ISSUE
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| ISSUE➣Information Science Student Undergraduates Empowered (University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC) | | ISSUE➣International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology |
issue
Synonyms for issuenoun the act or process of publishing printed matterSynonyms- printing
- publication
- publishing
noun something brought about by a causeSynonyms- aftermath
- consequence
- corollary
- effect
- end product
- event
- fruit
- harvest
- outcome
- precipitate
- ramification
- result
- resultant
- sequel
- sequence
- sequent
- upshot
noun a group consisting of those descended directly from the same parents or ancestorsSynonyms- brood
- get
- offspring
- posterity
- progeny
- seed
noun a situation that presents difficulty, uncertainty, or perplexitySynonyms- hornets' nest
- problem
- question
- can of worms
verb to pass or pour outSynonymsverb to discharge material, as vapor or fumes, usually suddenly and violentlySynonyms- emit
- give
- give forth
- give off
- give out
- let off
- let out
- release
- send forth
- throw off
- vent
verb to come into viewSynonyms- appear
- emerge
- loom
- materialize
- show
verb to have hereditary derivationSynonymsverb to present for circulation, exhibit, or saleSynonymsverb to have as a sourceSynonyms- arise
- come
- derive
- emanate
- flow
- originate
- proceed
- rise
- spring
- stem
- upspring
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