| 释义 |
international debt
international debt - the ‘amount of money which the government of a country, or its private institutions, owes to other countries, external banks or international agencies.
- the total amount of such debt in the world. This has become a major problem since the late 1970s for many THIRD WORLD countries, and some others, such as Poland, which have borrowed heavily on the international markets for more than a decade. Many countries have found difficulty in paying the interest on the debt. This means that the total amount of debt is not decreasing. In the late 1980s, this was seen as a major problem for prospective world trade and for economic growth in the Third World. In 1988, one of the most indebted countries, Brazil, owed $120 billion to external institutions and this had not declined by the mid-1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s many countries in Latin America and Africa adopted policies of structural adjustment involving balanced internal budgets and an increased focus on exports: these were often required by the International Monetary Fund. See also DEPENDENCY THEORY, DEPENDENT INDUSTRIALIZATION, UNEQUAL EXCHANGE.
international debt
Foreign DebtThe debt one government owes to a foreign government or corporation. Foreign debt may occur when one buys the debts securities issued by another government. While foreign debt can be advantageous because it may allow a country to finance its development or other government functions, a government owing too much foreign debt (or too much debt generally) may find itself beholden to another country. It is also called external debt or international debt. See also: Debt crisis.international debt the outstanding LOANS owed by borrowing countries to the WORLD BANK, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, CENTRAL BANKS and private sector COMMERCIAL BANKS, and other lending institutions. Fig. 97 International debt. External Debt/GNP ratios. Source: World Development Report, World Bank, 2004. international debt the monies owed to the international community for providing loans in the form of ECONOMIC AID, mainly to DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, to finance their economic development programmes and loans to cover countries’ balance of payments deficits. Loans are provided both on a multilateral basis by international institutions such as the WORLD BANK and INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND and on a bilateral, country-to-country basis. For the most part, international loans incur interest charges and have to be repaid in full over a specified redemption eriod. International debt can play a useful role in facilitating economic development by providing funds to countries lacking domestic capital and helping countries with foreign exchange difficulties. From an individual country's perspective, modest levels of international debt are tolerable, but problems arise when a country becomes critically ‘debt-laden’. The failure of many developing countries to break out of the ‘poverty trap’ (arising from exploding population growth not matched by economic progress) has posed a big problem for the international community in recent years. For these countries, foreign exchange earnings are often insufficient to service annual interest charges, let alone pay off outstanding debt. The World Bank has officially listed 41 countries as being ‘heavily indebted’. Fig. 97 shows the ratio of debt to current gross national product (GNP) for a number of these countries. In response to this situation, the World Bank has organized various debt ‘relief initiatives, encouraging its richer members to ‘write off debts wherever possible. In 2003, outstanding loans to the developing countries amounted to more than $2,100 billion and annual interest charges on this debt amounted to some $300 billion. |