| 释义 |
instinct
instinctinnate aspect of behavior; strong impulse; natural capability or aptitude: He acted on instinct.
Not to be confused with:intuition – knowing without the use of natural processes; acute insight: She had an intuition that her children were in danger.prescience – knowledge of things before they exist or happen; foresight: He had a prescience that there would be an earthquake.in·stinct I0170000 (ĭn′stĭngkt′)n.1. An inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli: the spawning instinct in salmon; altruistic instincts in social animals.2. A powerful motivation or impulse.3. An innate capability or aptitude: an instinct for tact and diplomacy.adj. (ĭn-stĭngkt′)1. Deeply filled or imbued: words instinct with love.2. Obsolete Impelled from within.
[Middle English, from Latin īnstīnctus, impulse, from past participle of īnstinguere, to incite : in-, intensive pref.; see in-2 + stinguere, to prick; see steig- in Indo-European roots.]instinct n 1. (Biology) the innate capacity of an animal to respond to a given stimulus in a relatively fixed way 2. inborn intuitive power 3. a natural and apparently innate aptitude adj rare a. animated or impelled (by)b. imbued or infused (with) [C15: from Latin instinctus roused, from instinguere to incite; compare instigate]in•stinct1 (ˈɪn stɪŋkt)
n. 1. an inborn pattern of activity or tendency to action common to a given biological species. 2. a natural or innate impulse, inclination, or tendency. 3. a natural aptitude or gift: an instinct for making money. 4. natural intuitive power. [1375–1425; late Middle English < Latin instinctus prompting, instigation, enthusiasm =*insting(uere) (in- in-2 + *sting(u)ere presumably, to prick; see distinct) + -tus suffix of v. action] in•stinct2 (ɪnˈstɪŋkt)
adj. filled or infused with some animating principle (usu. fol. by with): instinct with life. [1530–40; < Latin instinctus excited, roused, inspired, past participle of *insting(u)ere; see instinct1] in·stinct (ĭn′stĭngkt′) An inherited tendency of an organism or species to behave in a certain way that is usually a reaction to something in the environment and that fulfills a basic need. Examples of behaviors that are the result of instinct include nest-building in birds, spawning in fish, and food-gathering in insects.instinctInherited behavior that is not dependent on experience.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | instinct - inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli; "the spawning instinct in salmon"; "altruistic instincts in social animals"inherent aptitudeid - (psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activityaptitude - inherent ability | | Adj. | 1. | instinct - (followed by `with')deeply filled or permeated; "imbued with the spirit of the Reformation"; "words instinct with love"; "it is replete with misery"repletefull - containing as much or as many as is possible or normal; "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full life"; "the auditorium was full to overflowing" |
instinctnoun1. natural inclination, feeling, urge, talent, tendency, faculty, inclination, intuition, knack, aptitude, predisposition, sixth sense, proclivity, gut reaction (informal), second sight I didn't have a strong maternal instinct.2. talent, skill, gift, capacity, bent, genius, faculty, knack, aptitude She has a natural instinct to perform.3. intuition, feeling, impulse, gut feeling (informal), sixth sense I should have gone with my first instinct.instinctnoun1. An innate capability:aptitude, aptness, bent, faculty, flair, genius, gift, head, knack, talent, turn.2. The power to discern the true nature of a person or situation:insight, intuition, intuitiveness, penetration, sixth sense.Translationsinstinct (ˈinstiŋkt) noun a natural tendency to behave or react in a particular way, without thinking and without having been taught. As winter approaches, swallows fly south from Britain by instinct; He has an instinct for saying the right thing. 本能 本能inˈstinctive (-tiv) adjective arising from instinct or from a natural ability. Blinking our eyes is an instinctive reaction when something suddenly comes close to them; I couldn't help putting my foot on the brake when I saw the other car coming towards me – it was instinctive. 本能的 本能的inˈstinctively adverb 本能地 本能地instinct
base instinctA subconscious urge, behavior, or intuition directed by primeval, animalistic, self-serving, and/or ignoble motivations. Greed and selfishness are unfortunately two of the base instincts ingrained in the human psyche. Though he is an upstanding citizen, when he drinks, he unfortunately succumbs to his base instincts.See also: base, instinctgut instinctAn intuition or feeling, as opposed to an opinion based on a logical analysis. My gut instinct about Kara's new boyfriend proved correct when we discovered he had a pretty extensive criminal history.See also: gut, instinctkiller instinctCliché an inborn desire or ability to be ruthless. Fred has a real killer instinct. He's a difficult boss to work for.See also: instinct, killerinstinct
instinct, term used generally to indicate an innate tendency to action, or pattern of behavior, elicited by specific stimuli and fulfilling vital needs of an organism. Examples of almost purely instinctive behavior are found in the behavior of many lower animals, in which activity (often quite complex) is performed that is not based upon past experience, e.g., reproductive and food-gathering activity in insects. Instinctive behavior generally acts as an initiator or triggering mechanism to arouse the organism, and it is modified by learned behavior as well as innate regulatory mechanisms. For example, nest-building by birds is a complex activity triggered by instinctive drives and modified by environmental conditions, such as the availability of materials and sites. Among animals, fixed patterns of instinctive behavior include fighting, courtship behavior, and escape; even these can usually be shown to be modified by experience (see ethologyethology,
study of animal behavior based on the systematic observation, recording, and analysis of how animals function, with special attention to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Freud used the term instinct when referring to human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression. Sociobiologists and ethologists such as Konrad LorenzLorenz, Konrad
, 1903–89, Austrian zoologist and ethologist. He received medical training at the Univ. of Vienna and spent two years at the medical school of Columbia Univ. He received a Ph.D. (1936) in zoology from the Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. have sought to understand social behaviors in terms of instincts, among humans as well as other animals. The usage of the term among psychologists has largely died out; today, motivational forces among humans are generally referred to as instinctual drives.instinct - (ETHOLOGY) the innate, motivating drives leading to species-specific behaviour patterns. Instinctive behaviour in animals is usually observed to be released by a specific stimulus, stereotyped (a ‘fixed action pattern’), not learnt or open to change, e.g. nest-building or courting rituals. Some human behaviour, e.g. maternal behaviour, is commonly regarded as instinctive. However, maternal behaviour is far more complex, even in animals, and is certainly affected by learning, though some psychologists would regard it as primarily learnt and not therefore instinctive in humans. Though some human behaviour may be based on inherited tendencies, the development of the human brain has meant that behaviour is far less reliant on ‘built-in mechanisms, and much more controlled by learning and choice. Animals lower down the PHYLOGENETIC SCALE have proportionately less brain area for learning, and more for instinctive processes, so their behaviour is less plastic and more predictable, i.e. controlled by instinct rather than learning.
- (PSYCHOANALYSIS), in FREUD's theory of personality dynamics, an inherited, motivating force, or drive found in the UNCONSCIOUS. See EROS, THANATOS.
Instinct the totality of complex innate reactions (acts of behavior) of an organism that arise, as a rule, in almost unchanged form in response to external or internal stimuli. The mechanism of instinct, according to I. P. Pavlov, is an unconditioned-reflex mechanism; hence, he considered the concepts of instinct and unconditioned reflex to be identical. Usually the term “instinct” is used to designate only complex unconditioned reflexes (feeding, defense, sexual) rather than simple unconditioned reflexes (blinking, sneezing, coughing). Any instinct consists of a chain of reactions, in which the end of one link serves as the beginning of the next. There have been attempts to classify instincts according to their biological and physiological significance (Soviet physiologists N. A. Rozhanskii and A. D. Slonim). According to data of the Pavlov school, one may distinguish the following major instincts: feeding instinct, which is manifested in food gathering, food catching, food hoarding, and the like; defense instinct, which consists in passive defensive reactions (taking flight, freezing, concealing), as well as active defense using teeth, claws, horns, and the like; sexual instinct, which includes mating games, dances, singing, mating calls, fighting for the female, migration to the spawning ground, and other acts that lead to actual mating; parenthood (also called care of offspring), which is manifested in the building of nests, storing food for the young, feeding the young, and training the young to defend themselves, hunt, and the like; and group instincts, which constitute the basis of the interrelations between members of a herd, flock, hive, or family and are manifested in collaborative defense against enemies, building of nests, migration, warming each other during the cold season, and the general care of offspring. Of special interest in the comprehensive investigation of the mechanism of instinct is their variability by virtue of the possible superposition of conditioned-reflex reactions, which, together with instinct, constitute the “biocomplex of activity” (A. N. Promptov’s expression) or “unitary reactions” (L. V. Krushin-skii’s terminology). It has been established (L. A. Orbeli et al.) that the more developed the central nervous system, the greater the relative importance in the animal’s behavior of reactions acquired in the individual’s life. Thus, the behavior of lower invertebrates (protozoans and coelenterates) is based exclusively on instinct. But in the behavior of higher invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, higher mollusks), despite the presence of the most complex instincts (in particular in the social insects, bees and ants), a notable role is played by conditioned reflexes. Human instincts are to a significant degree subordinated to man’s conscious activity, which is formed in the process of rearing. However, rearing in turn, in addition to its sociohistorical foundations, is based on a biological foundation in the form of the major instincts, which mature at various periods of embryonic and postembryonic life. Already during the uterine period, certain structures of the nervous system of the embryo mature more quickly than others, thereby ensuring the readiness of the newborn to survive under the specific conditions of his existence (P. K. Anokhin). At various times after birth, other instincts begin to mature, on the basis of which important functions of the body develop (sexual attraction, maternal feeling). The glands of internal secretion play a very large role in the realization of instinctive activity. The study of instinct has exceptionally great significance in medicine, since some mental illnesses stem from disorders (or disruptions) of instinctual drives; in animal breeding, in connection with the selection of animals with the most economically useful innate characteristics; and in the development of methods of the transformation of wild fauna, acclimatization of animals, and control of agricultural pests. (See also INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR.) REFERENCESPavlov, I. P. “Lektsii o rabote bol’shikh polusharii golovnogo mozga.” Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 4. Moscow-Leningrad, 1951.
Promptov, A. N. Ocherki po probleme biologicheskoi adaptatsii i povedeniia vorob’inykh plits. Moscow-Leningrad, 1956.
Rozhanskii, N. A. Ocherki po fiziologii nervnoi sistemy. Leningrad, 1957.
Krushinskii, L. V. Formirovanie povedeniia zhivotnykh v norme i patologii. Moscow, 1960.
Slonim, A. D. Instinkt: Zagadki vrozhdennogo povedeniia organizmov. Leningrad, 1967.
Anokhin, P. K. Biologiia i neirofiziologiia uslovnogo refleksa. Moscow, 1968.L. G. VORONIN instinct[′in‚stiŋkt] (psychology) A primary tendency or inborn drive, as toward life, sexual reproduction, and death. (zoology) A precise form of behavior in which there is an invariable association of a particular series of responses with specific stimuli; an unconditioned compound reflex. instinct Biology the innate capacity of an animal to respond to a given stimulus in a relatively fixed way instinct
instinct [in´stinkt] a complex of unlearned responses characteristic of a species. adj., adj instinc´tive.death instinct Freud's concept of an unconscious drive toward dissolution and death, in opposition to the life instinct.herd instinct the instinct or urge to be one of a group and to conform to its standards of conduct and opinion.life instinct Freud's concept of all the constructive tendencies of the organism aimed at maintenance and perpetuation of the individual and species, in opposition to the death instinct.in·stinct (in'stinkt), 1. An enduring disposition or tendency of an organism to act in an organized and biologically adaptive manner characteristic of its species. 2. The unreasoning impulse to perform some purposeful action without an immediate consciousness of the end to which that action may lead. 3. In psychoanalytic theory, the forces or drives assumed to exist behind the tension caused by the needs of the id. [L. instinctus, impulse] instinct (ĭn′stĭngkt′)n.1. An inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli: the spawning instinct in salmon; altruistic instincts in social animals.2. A powerful motivation or impulse.instinct Psychiatry Inborn drive An unreasoning response to an environmental cue, attributed to the Freudian id Primary human instincts Self-preservation, sexuality; per some, aggression, ego instincts, heroism, social instincts are also primary instincts. See Death instinct, Id. in·stinct (in'stingkt) 1. An enduring disposition or tendency to act in an organized and biologically adaptive manner. 2. The unreasoning impulse to perform some purposive action without an immediate consciousness of the end to which that action may lead. 3. psychoanalytic theory The forces assumed to exist behind the tension caused by the needs of the id. [L. instinctus, impulse]instinct aspects of behaviour that are not learned, but which appear to be inherited, i.e. INNATE BEHAVIOUR. It is not now used commonly as a scientific term because of the difficulty of distinguishing between some aspects of learning and some aspects of so-called instinctive behaviour.in·stinct (in'stingkt) Enduring disposition or tendency of an organism to act in an organized and biologically adaptive manner characteristic of its species. [L. instinctus, impulse]FinancialSeeHerd Instinctinstinct
Synonyms for instinctnoun natural inclinationSynonyms- natural inclination
- feeling
- urge
- talent
- tendency
- faculty
- inclination
- intuition
- knack
- aptitude
- predisposition
- sixth sense
- proclivity
- gut reaction
- second sight
noun talentSynonyms- talent
- skill
- gift
- capacity
- bent
- genius
- faculty
- knack
- aptitude
noun intuitionSynonyms- intuition
- feeling
- impulse
- gut feeling
- sixth sense
Synonyms for instinctnoun an innate capabilitySynonyms- aptitude
- aptness
- bent
- faculty
- flair
- genius
- gift
- head
- knack
- talent
- turn
noun the power to discern the true nature of a person or situationSynonyms- insight
- intuition
- intuitiveness
- penetration
- sixth sense
Synonyms for instinctnoun inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuliSynonymsRelated Wordsadj (followed by 'with')deeply filled or permeatedSynonymsRelated Words |