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Hawthorne effect
Hawthorne effect (ˈhɔːˌθɔːn) n (Sociology) improvement in the performance of employees, students, etc, brought about by making changes in working methods, resulting from research into means of improving performance. Compare iatrogenic, placebo effect[from the Western Electric Company's Hawthorne works in Chicago, USA, where it was discovered during experiments in the 1920s]Hawthorne effect
Hawthorne effect a term derived from the Hawthorne investigations (see HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL), in which the conduct of experiments produced changes in the behaviour of subjects because, firstly, they knew they were being observed, and, secondly, investigators developed friendly relationships with them. In the first instance, the Hawthorne effect made sense of the otherwise puzzling experimental finding of an inverse relationship between illumination (environmental change) and employee output. In the second instance, the attempt to assess the impact of a range of variables on the performance of employees, who were removed from their normal work situation, was rendered problematic, partly because over time investigators adopted a friendly supervisory relationship with the subjects. The difficulty in disentangling the effects of poorly controlled changes on the observed improvement in employee output was controversially resolved in favour of stressing the significance of employee preference for friendly supervision of cohesive and informal work groups. Indeed, this finding became the main platform in the prescriptions which human relations theorists proposed for effective management. In both of the cases described above, the Hawthorne effect was associated with the way in which subjects interpreted and responded to poorly controlled experimental changes. As the researchers became aware of the need to consider the ways in which employees interpreted their work situation, other techniques of investigation, such as interviews and observation of natural settings, were adopted. Nevertheless, all of the phases in the research programme have been subjected to criticism, as has the interpretation of the findings (M. Rose, 1988). See also UNANTICIPATED CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ACTION. Hawthorne effect
effect [ĕ-fekt´] a result produced by an action.additive effect the combined effect produced by the action of two or more agents, being equal to the sum of their separate effects.adverse effect a symptom produced by a drug or therapy that is injurious to the patient.Bainbridge effect Bainbridge reflex.Bohr effect decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by an increase of carbon dioxide; the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is displaced to the right because of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lower pH. See also Haldane effect. The Bohr effect causing a shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.Crabtree effect the inhibition of oxygen consumption on the addition of glucose to tissues or microorganisms having a high rate of aerobic glycolysis; the converse of the Pasteur effect.cumulative effect the action of a drug or treatment resulting from repeated use.Doppler effect see doppler effect.experimenter e's demand characteristics.extrapyramidal e's the side effects caused by neuroleptic medications, including dystonias, parkinsonism, akathisia, and dyskinesia" >tardive dyskinesia.Haldane effect increased oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide; see also Bohr effect.Hawthorne effect a psychological response in which the subjects in a research study change their behavior simply because they are subjects in a study, not because of the research treatment.heel effect variation in x-ray beam intensity and projected focal spot size along the long axis of the x-ray tube from cathode to anode.parallax effect the position of the image on each emulsion of dual emulsion film; it is accentuated by tube-angled x-ray techniques.Pasteur effect the decrease in the rate of glycolysis and the suppression of lactate accumulation by tissues or microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.photoelectric effect ejection of electrons from matter as a result of interaction with photons from high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays; the ejected electrons may be energetic enough to ionize multiple additional atoms.placebo effect the total of all nonspecific effects, both good and adverse, of treatment; it refers primarily to psychological and psychophysiological effects associated with the caregiver-patient relationship and the patient's expectations and apprehensions concerning the treatment. See also placebo.position effect in genetics, the changed effect produced by alteration of the relative positions of various genes on the chromosomes.pressure effect the sum of the changes that are due to obstruction of tissue drainage by pressure.proarrhythmic effect any new, more advanced form of arrhythmia caused by an antiarrhythmic agent, especially those that produce hemodynamically important symptoms. These arrhythmias occur less than 30 days after initiation of treatment and are not due to a new event such as acute myocardial infarction or hypokalemia.side effect a consequence other than that for which an agent is used, especially an adverse effect on another organ system.Somogyi effect see somogyi effect.Haw·thorne ef·fect (haw'thōrn), the effect (usually positive or beneficial) of being under study, on the people being studied; their knowledge of the study often influences their behavior. [city in Illinois; site of the Western Electric plant] A beneficial effect that health care providers have on workers in most settings when an interest is shown in the workers’ well-being and performance, irrespective of whether or not the intervention was a good oneHawthorne effect Psychology A beneficial effect that health care providers have on workers in most settings when an interest is shown in the workers' well-being. See Halo effect, Placebo effect, Placebo response. Cf Nocebo. Haw·thorne ef·fect (haw'thōrn e-fekt') Reaction (usually positive or beneficial) of being under study, on the people being studied; their knowledge of the study often influences their behavior. [city in Illinois]
See Hawthorne effectLegalSeeEffectHawthorne Effect
Hawthorne EffectThe phenomenon in which subjects of study alter their behavior simply because they are being studied. The Hawthorne effect is important in marketing. For example, test audience members may unintentionally skew their responses one way or another simply because they know they are part of a test audience. The concept originated in 1950 when analysis of a study from the 1920s and 1930s saw that productivity in a factory improved during a study of employees and declined after the study's conclusion.ThesaurusSeeeffect |