Hydroxy Acids

(or hydroxycarboxylic acids), organic compounds containing one or more carboxyl (—COOH) and hydroxyl (—OH) groups per molecule. Examples are glycolic acid, HOCH₂COOH; α-hydroxypropionic (lactic) acid, CH₃CH(OH)COOH; and β-hydroxypropionic (hydracrylic) acid, HOCH₂CH₂COOH. Hydroxy acids are extremely reactive compounds. They readily undergo dehydration upon heating to form various products, depending on structure, as follows: (1) α-hydroxy acids yield lactides (cyclic esters), (2) β-hydroxy acids form unsaturated acids, (3) γ- and δ-hydroxy acids yield inner esters (lactones).

Hydroxy acids may be prepared by oxidation of glycols containing at least one primary –OH group, by saponification of hydroxynitriles, and by reaction of nitric acid and amino acids. Hydroxy acids and their derivatives are widespread in nature. Another commercially valuable hydroxy acid is o-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), whose derivatives are used as pharmaceuticals and in the manufacture of azo dyes.

单词	hydroxy acids
释义	Hydroxy Acids Hydroxy Acids (or hydroxycarboxylic acids), organic compounds containing one or more carboxyl (—COOH) and hydroxyl (—OH) groups per molecule. Examples are glycolic acid, HOCH₂COOH; α-hydroxypropionic (lactic) acid, CH₃CH(OH)COOH; and β-hydroxypropionic (hydracrylic) acid, HOCH₂CH₂COOH. Hydroxy acids are extremely reactive compounds. They readily undergo dehydration upon heating to form various products, depending on structure, as follows: (1) α-hydroxy acids yield lactides (cyclic esters), (2) β-hydroxy acids form unsaturated acids, (3) γ- and δ-hydroxy acids yield inner esters (lactones). Hydroxy acids may be prepared by oxidation of glycols containing at least one primary –OH group, by saponification of hydroxynitriles, and by reaction of nitric acid and amino acids. Hydroxy acids and their derivatives are widespread in nature. Another commercially valuable hydroxy acid is o-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), whose derivatives are used as pharmaceuticals and in the manufacture of azo dyes.
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