| 单词 | hydrolysis | |||
| 释义 | hydrolysisenUKhy·drol·y·sisH0346800 (hī-drŏl′ĭ-sĭs)hydrolysis(haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs)hy•drol•y•sis(haɪˈdrɒl ə sɪs)n., pl. -ses (-ˌsiz) hy·drol·y·sis(hī-drŏl′ĭ-sĭs)hydrolysis
hydrolysisenUKhydrolysis(hīdrŏl`ĭsĭs), chemical reaction of a compound with water, usually resulting in the formation of one or more new compounds. The most common hydrolysis occurs when a salt of a weak acid or weak base (or both) is dissolved in water. Water ionizes into negative hydroxyl ions (OH−) and positive hydrogen ions (H+), which become hydrated to form positive hydronium ions (H3O+). The salt also breaks up into positive and negative ions. For example, when sodium acetate is dissolved in water it readily dissociates into sodium and acetate ions. Because sodium hydroxide is a strong base, the sodium ions react only slightly with the hydroxyl ions already present in the water to form sodium hydroxide molecules. Acetic acid is a weak acid, so the acetate ions react readily with the hydrogen ions present in the water to form neutral acetic acid molecules. The net result of these reactions is a relative excess of hydroxyl ions, causing an alkaline solution. A chemical reaction has actually taken place between the water and the dissolved salt. There are relatively few instances in which water reacts directly with organic compounds under ordinary conditions. It does react with acid halides, acid anhydrides, and organometallic compounds, e.g., Grignard reagentsGrignard reagent, any of an important class of extremely reactive chemical compounds used in the synthesis of hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and other compounds. ..... Click the link for more information. . The addition of strong acids or bases or the use of steam will often bring about hydrolysis where ordinary water has no effect. Some industrially important hydrolysis reactions are the synthesis of alcohols from olefins (e.g., ethanol, CH3COOH, from ethene, CH2CH2) in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, the conversion of starches to sugars in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, and the conversion of animal fats or vegetable oils to glycerol and fatty acids by reaction with steam. Hydrolysis is an important reaction in plants and animals (see metabolismmetabolism, sum of all biochemical processes involved in life. Two subcategories of metabolism are anabolism, the building up of complex organic molecules from simpler precursors, and catabolism, the breakdown of complex substances into simpler molecules, often accompanied by ..... Click the link for more information. ). The catalytic action of certain enzymesenzyme, biological catalyst. The term enzyme comes from zymosis, the Greek word for fermentation, a process accomplished by yeast cells and long known to the brewing industry, which occupied the attention of many 19th-century chemists. ..... Click the link for more information. allows the hydrolysis of proteins, fats, oils, and carbohydrates. Hydrolysisan ion-exchange reaction between various substances and water. In general, hydrolysis is represented by the equation A—B + H—OH ⇄ A—H + B—OH, where A—B is the substance undergoing hydrolysis, and A—H and B—OH are the products of hydrolysis. In hydrolysis of salts, equilibrium is governed by the law of mass action. If insoluble or readily volatile substances are formed by hydrolysis, there is virtually complete decomposition of the initial salt. In other cases, the weaker the acid or base of the salt, the more complete the hydrolysis. If the salt of a weak acid and a strong base, such as KCN, is hydrolyzed, the solution is alkaline, because the anion of the weak acid partially binds the H+ ions formed by the dissociation of water, and the excess OH~ions remain in the solution: K+ + CN− + HOH ⇄ HCN + K+ + OH− A solution of a salt of a strong acid and a weak base, such as NH4Cl, is acidic (NH+4 + Cl− + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + H+ + Cl−). If the charge of the cation (or anion) of the salt exceeds 1, hydrolysis often yields acid (or basic) salts as the first-stage hydrolysis product—for example, CuCl2 → Cu(OH)Cl → Cu(OH)2 The degree of hydrolysis (α) can be used as a quantitative characteristic for the hydrolysis of salts. It is equal to the ratio of the concentration of the hydrolyzed part of the molecules to the total concentration of the particular salt in solution, and in most cases it is small. Thus, with 0.1-molar solutions of sodium acetate, CH3COONa, or ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, at 25° C, α = 0.01 percent, whereas for ammonium acetate, CH3COONH4, α = 0.5 percent. The degree of hydrolysis increases with an increase in temperature and with dilution. The hydrolysis of salts forms the basis of many important processes in the chemical industry and laboratory practice. The partial hydrolysis of tricalcium silicate causes separation of lime during the reaction of portland cement with water. Buffer systems, which are able to maintain constant acidity in a medium, exist because of hydrolysis. Buffer solutions are also very important physiologically, since a constant H+ion concentration is necessary for normal body activity. A number of geological changes in the earth’s crust and the formation of minerals, natural waters, and soils are associated with hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of organic compounds is the decomposition of organic compounds by water, with the formation of two or more compounds. Hydrolysis is ordinarily effected in the presence of acids (acid hydrolysis) or alkalies (alkaline hydrolysis). The bond between a carbon atom and other atoms (halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and so on) is most often dissolved by hydrolysis. Thus, alkaline hydrolysis of halides can be used to prepare alcohols and phenols, including those of industrial quality—for example,
Depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon radical (R) and the reaction conditions, hydrolysis of halogen derivatives can proceed as a monomolecular process (SNl) or a bimolecular process (SN2). In the case of a monomolecular reaction there is initial ionization of the carbon-halogen bond, followed by reaction of the resultant carbonium ion with water. If alkali is added it does not affect the rate of hydrolysis and serves only to neutralize the hydrohalic acid that is liberated and to shift the equilibrium:
In the bimolecular reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the alkali concentration: R—Hal + HO → R—OH + Hal-SN2. Ester hydrolysis (the reverse of esterification) is exceptionally important:
Acid hydrolysis of esters is reversible:
Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is irreversible, since it gives an alcohol and a salt of the acid:
This process is used extensively in industry to make alcohols and acids—for example, in the saponification of fats to make glycerol and salts of higher acyclic acids (soaps). Amides are hydrolized analogously to esters:
The hydrolysis of carbon-carbon bonds is comparatively rare. Particular examples are ketone decomposition (by acids and dilute alkalies) and acid decomposition (by concentrated alkalies) of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds—for example, aceto-acetic ester:
In organic chemistry the term “hydrolysis” is also applied to certain processes that would more correctly be called hydration. An example is the conversion of nitriles to amides:
The hydrolysis of ester, glucoside (in carbohydrates), and amide (in proteins) bonds plays an important part in the vital activities of all organisms—that is, in processes such as the assimilation of food and the transmission of nerve impulses. In the living organism, hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes (hydrolases). REFERENCESKireev, V. A. Kurs fizicheskoi khimii, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1956.Reutov, O. A. Teoreticheskie problemy organicheskoi khimii.2nd ed. Moscow, 1964. hydrolysis[hī′dräl·ə·səs]hydrolysishydrolysisenUKhydrolysis[hi-drol´ĭsis] (pl. hydrol´yses)hy·drol·y·sis(hī-drol'i-sis),hy·drol·y·sis(hī-drol'i-sis)Compare: hydration hydrolysisSplitting of a compound into two parts by the addition of water (H2O), the hydrogen atom (H) joining to one part and the hydroxyl group (OH) joining to the other. Hydrolysis is usually effected by a hydrolytic ENZYME.hydrolysisa chemical reaction in which large molecules are broken down by the addition of water. For example, fat to fatty acids and glycerol, MALTOSE to glucose, DIPEPTIDE to two amino acids. The reactions are usually enzymically activated. Compare CONDENSATION REACTION.hy·drol·y·sis(hī-drol'i-sis)hydrolysisenUK
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