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单词 grain
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grain


grain

G0216900 (grān)n.1. a. A small, dry, one-seeded fruit of a cereal grass, having the fruit and the seed walls united: a single grain of wheat; gleaned the grains from the ground one at a time. Also called caryopsis.b. The fruits of cereal grasses especially after having been harvested, considered as a group: The grain was stored in a silo.2. a. A cereal grass: Wheat is a grain grown in Kansas.b. Cereal grasses considered as a group: Grain is grown along the river.3. a. A relatively small discrete particulate or crystalline mass: a grain of sand.b. A small amount or the smallest amount possible: hasn't a grain of sense.4. Aerospace A mass of solid propellant.5. Abbr. gr. A unit of weight in the US Customary System, an avoirdupois unit equal to 0.002285 ounce (0.065 gram).6. a. The markings, pattern, or texture of the fibrous tissue in wood: Cherry wood has a fine grain.b. The direction of such markings: cut a board with the grain.7. a. The side of a hide or piece of leather from which the hair or fur has been removed.b. The pattern or markings on this side of leather.8. The pattern produced, as in stone, by the arrangement of particulate constituents.9. The relative size of the particles composing a substance or pattern: a coarse grain.10. A painted, stamped, or printed design that imitates the pattern found in wood, leather, or stone.11. The direction or texture of fibers in a woven fabric.12. A state of fine crystallization.13. a. Basic temperament or nature; disposition: It goes against my grain to ask for help.b. An essential quality or characteristic: "Toughness as a virtue ... is, needless to say, fully embedded in the American grain" (Benjamin DeMott).14. Archaic Color; tint.v. grained, grain·ing, grains v.tr.1. To cause to form into grains; granulate.2. To paint, stamp, or print with a design imitating the grain of wood, leather, or stone.3. To give a granular or rough texture to.4. To remove the hair or fur from (hides) in preparation for tanning.v.intr. To form grains: The corn began to grain.Idioms: against the grain Contrary to custom, one's inclination, or good sense. with a grain of salt With reservations; skeptically: Take that advice with a grain of salt.
[Middle English, from Old French graine, from Latin grānum; see gr̥ə-no- in Indo-European roots.]
grain′er n.

grain

(ɡreɪn) n1. (Botany) the small hard seedlike fruit of a grass, esp a cereal plant2. (Botany) a mass of such fruits, esp when gathered for food3. (Botany) the plants, collectively, from which such fruits are harvested4. a small hard particle: a grain of sand. 5. (Furniture) a. the general direction or arrangement of the fibrous elements in paper or wood: to saw across the grain. b. the pattern or texture of wood resulting from such an arrangement: the attractive grain of the table. 6. the relative size of the particles of a substance: sugar of fine grain. 7. (Geological Science) a. the granular texture of a rock, mineral, etcb. the appearance of a rock, mineral, etc, determined by the size and arrangement of its constituents8. (Tanning) a. the outer (hair-side) layer of a hide or skin from which the hair or wool has been removedb. the pattern on the outer surface of such a hide or skin9. (Furniture) a surface artificially imitating the grain of wood, leather, stone, etc; graining10. (Units) the smallest unit of weight in the avoirdupois, Troy, and apothecaries' systems, based on the average weight of a grain of wheat: in the avoirdupois system it equals of a pound, and in the Troy and apothecaries' systems it equals of a pound. 1 grain is equal to 0.0648 gram. Abbreviation: gr 11. (Units) Also called: metric grain a metric unit of weight used for pearls or diamonds, equal to 50 milligrams or one quarter of a carat12. (Textiles) the threads or direction of threads in a woven fabric13. (Photography) photog any of a large number of particles in a photographic emulsion, the size of which limit the extent to which an image can be enlarged without serious loss of definition14. (Broadcasting) television a granular effect in a television picture caused by electrical noise15. (Jewellery) cleavage lines in crystalline material, parallel to growth planes16. (Chemistry) chem any of a large number of small crystals forming a polycrystalline solid, each having a regular array of atoms that differs in orientation from that of the surrounding crystallites17. (Cookery) a state of crystallization: to boil syrup to the grain. 18. a very small amount: a grain of truth. 19. natural disposition, inclination, or character (esp in the phrase go against the grain)20. (Astronautics) astronautics a homogenous mass of solid propellant in a form designed to give the required combustion characteristics for a particular rocket21. (Dyeing) (not in technical usage) kermes or a red dye made from this insect22. (Dyeing) dyeing an obsolete word for colour23. with a grain of salt with a pinch of salt without wholly believing: scepticallyvb (mainly tr) 24. (also intr) to form grains or cause to form into grains; granulate; crystallize25. to give a granular or roughened appearance or texture to26. (Furniture) to paint, stain, etc, in imitation of the grain of wood or leather27. (Tanning) a. to remove the hair or wool from (a hide or skin) before tanningb. to raise the grain pattern on (leather)[C13: from Old French, from Latin grānum] ˈgrainer n ˈgrainless adj

grain

(greɪn)

n. 1. a small, hard seed, esp. the seed of a food plant such as wheat, corn, rye, oats, rice, or millet. 2. the gathered seed of food plants, esp. of cereal plants. 3. such plants collectively. 4. any small, hard particle, as of sand, gold, pepper, or gunpowder. 5. the smallest unit of weight in the U.S. and British systems, equal to 0.002285 ounce (0.0648 gram). 6. the smallest possible amount of anything: a grain of truth. 7. the arrangement or direction of the fibers in wood, meat, etc., or the pattern resulting from this. 8. a. the side of leather from which the hair has been removed. b. the pattern or markings on this side. 9. the direction of threads in a woven fabric. 10. the lamination or cleavage of stone, coal, etc. 11. any of the individual crystalline particles forming a metal. 12. a unit of weight equal to 50 milligrams or ¼ carat, used for pearls and sometimes diamonds. 13. the size of constituent particles of any substance; texture. 14. a granular texture or appearance: a stone of coarse grain. 15. a state of crystallization: boiled to the grain. 16. temper or natural character: two brothers of similar grain. v.t. 17. to form into grains; granulate. 18. to give a granular appearance to. 19. to paint in imitation of the grain of wood, stone, etc. 20. to feed grain to (an animal). 21. a. to remove the hair from (skins). b. to soften and raise the grain of (leather). [1250–1300; < Old French grain < Latin grānum seed, grain; see corn1] grain′er, n. grain′less, adj.

grain

(grān)1. A small, hard seed, especially of wheat, corn, rice, or another cereal plant.2. A small particle of something, such as salt, pollen, or sand.3. A unit of weight equal to 0.002 ounce (0.07 gram). See Table at measurement.

grain


Past participle: grained
Gerund: graining
Imperative
grain
grain
Present
I grain
you grain
he/she/it grains
we grain
you grain
they grain
Preterite
I grained
you grained
he/she/it grained
we grained
you grained
they grained
Present Continuous
I am graining
you are graining
he/she/it is graining
we are graining
you are graining
they are graining
Present Perfect
I have grained
you have grained
he/she/it has grained
we have grained
you have grained
they have grained
Past Continuous
I was graining
you were graining
he/she/it was graining
we were graining
you were graining
they were graining
Past Perfect
I had grained
you had grained
he/she/it had grained
we had grained
you had grained
they had grained
Future
I will grain
you will grain
he/she/it will grain
we will grain
you will grain
they will grain
Future Perfect
I will have grained
you will have grained
he/she/it will have grained
we will have grained
you will have grained
they will have grained
Future Continuous
I will be graining
you will be graining
he/she/it will be graining
we will be graining
you will be graining
they will be graining
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been graining
you have been graining
he/she/it has been graining
we have been graining
you have been graining
they have been graining
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been graining
you will have been graining
he/she/it will have been graining
we will have been graining
you will have been graining
they will have been graining
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been graining
you had been graining
he/she/it had been graining
we had been graining
you had been graining
they had been graining
Conditional
I would grain
you would grain
he/she/it would grain
we would grain
you would grain
they would grain
Past Conditional
I would have grained
you would have grained
he/she/it would have grained
we would have grained
you would have grained
they would have grained

grain

(gr) A unit of mass measurement, used especially in the apothecaries’ system. 1 grain = 1⁄7000 lb (avoirdupois); 480 grains = 1 ounce troy; 24 grains = 1 pennyweight.
Thesaurus
Noun1.grain - a relatively small granular particle of a substancegrain - a relatively small granular particle of a substance; "a grain of sand"; "a grain of sugar"granule - a tiny graincorpuscle, mote, particle, speck, molecule, atom - (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything
2.grain - foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grassesgrain - foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grassesfood grain, cerealfood product, foodstuff - a substance that can be used or prepared for use as foodedible corn, corn - ears of corn that can be prepared and served for human foodgrist - grain intended to be or that has been groundgroats - the hulled and crushed grain of various cerealsmillet - small seed of any of various annual cereal grasses especially Setaria italicabarley, barleycorn - a grain of barleybuckwheat - grain ground into flourwheat, wheat berry - grains of common wheat; sometimes cooked whole or cracked as cereal; usually ground into flouroat - seed of the annual grass Avena sativa (spoken of primarily in the plural as `oats')rice - grains used as food either unpolished or more often polishedIndian rice, wild rice - grains of aquatic grass of North Americamalt - a cereal grain (usually barley) that is kiln-dried after having been germinated by soaking in water; used especially in brewing and distilling
3.grain - the side of leather from which the hair has been removedleather - an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning
4.grain - a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 caratgrain - a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 caratmetric grainmetric weight unit, weight unit - a decimal unit of weight based on the grammg, milligram - one thousandth (1/1,000) gramdecigram, dg - 1/10 gram
5.grain - 1/60 dram; equals an avoirdupois grain or 64.799 milligramstroy unit - any of the unit of the troy system of weightsapothecaries' unit, apothecaries' weight - any weight unit used in pharmacy; an ounce is equal to 480 grains and a pound is equal to 12 ouncesscruple - a unit of apothecary weight equal to 20 grainspennyweight - a unit of apothecary weight equal to 24 grains
6.grain - 1/7000 pound; equals a troy grain or 64.799 milligramsavoirdupois unit - any of the units of the avoirdupois system of weightsdram - 1/16 ounce or 1.771 grams
7.grain - dry seed-like fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corngrain - dry seed-like fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corncaryopsisamaranth - seed of amaranth plants used as a native cereal in Central and South Americabarleycorn - a grain of barleywheat berry - a grain of wheatkernel - a single whole grain of a cereal; "a kernel of corn"rye - the seed of the cereal grassseed - a small hard fruit
8.grain - a cereal grass; "wheat is a grain that is grown in Kansas"cereal, cereal grass - grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat; rice; rye; oats; maize; buckwheat; millet
9.grain - the smallest possible unit of anything; "there was a grain of truth in what he said"; "he does not have a grain of sense"littleness, smallness - the property of having a relatively small size
10.grain - the direction, texture, or pattern of fibers found in wood or leather or stone or in a woven fabric; "saw the board across the grain"texture - the characteristic appearance of a surface having a tactile qualitywood grain, woodgrain, woodiness - texture produced by the fibers in woodgraining, woodgraining - a texture like that of wood
11.grain - the physical composition of something (especially with respect to the size and shape of the small constituents of a substance); "breadfruit has the same texture as bread"; "sand of a fine grain"; "fish with a delicate flavor and texture"; "a stone of coarse grain"texturephysical composition, composition, make-up, makeup, constitution - the way in which someone or something is composed
Verb1.grain - thoroughly work in; "His hands were grained with dirt"ingrainpenetrate, perforate - pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance; "The bullet penetrated her chest"
2.grain - paint (a surface) to make it look like stone or woodpaint - apply paint to; coat with paint; "We painted the rooms yellow"
3.grain - form into grainsgranulateform - assume a form or shape; "the water formed little beads"
4.grain - become granulargranulatechange form, change shape, deform - assume a different shape or form

grain

noun1. seed, kernel, grist a grain of wheat2. cereal, corn a bag of grain3. bit, piece, trace, spark, scrap, suspicion, molecule, particle, fragment, atom, ounce, crumb, mite, jot, speck, morsel, granule, scruple, modicum, mote, whit, iota, scintilla (rare) a grain of sand4. texture, pattern, surface, fibre, weave, nap Brush the paint over the wood in the direction of the grain. see rice and other cereals

grain

nounA tiny amount:bit, crumb, dab, dash, dot, dram, drop, fragment, iota, jot, minim, mite, modicum, molecule, ort, ounce, particle, scrap, scruple, shred, smidgen, speck, tittle, trifle, whit.Chiefly British: spot.
Translations
一点儿一粒纹理细粒谷物

grain

(grein) noun1. a seed of wheat, oats etc. 穀粒 谷粒2. corn in general. Grain is ground into flour. 穀類 谷类3. a very small, hard particle. a grain of sand. 顆粒 细粒4. the way in which the lines of fibre run in wood, leather etc. 紋理 纹理5. a very small amount. There isn't a grain of truth in that story. 一點兒 一点儿go against the grain to be against a person's wishes, feelings etc. It goes against the grain for me to tell lies. 違背...的意思 违反意愿

grain

→ 一粒zhCN, 谷物zhCN

grain


grain of truth

A little bit of truth. Often used to refer to a small amount of insight or truth in something otherwise false or nonsensical. The only reason why Dave's joke about my love life bothered me so much is because there was a grain of truth to it.See also: grain, of, truth

against the grain

1. In the opposite way or perpendicular to the direction of the fibers of a piece of wood (or meat), i.e. its "grain." Don't cut that wood against the grain, or it will be rough around the edges. For most cuts of steak, cookbooks recommend cutting against the grain.2. By extension, in opposition or contrary to what is generally understood, assumed, practiced, or accepted. The artist always tried to go against the grain, ignoring the artistic trends of her day.See also: grain

ain't got a grain of sense

Is very foolish or lacking common sense. Jimmy almost crossed the street without looking up from his cell phone. He ain't got a grain of sense!See also: grain, of, sense

take (something) with a grain of salt

To consider or evaluate something, such as a statement, with the understanding that it may not be completely true or accurate, typically due to the unreliability of the source. I heard that you can get a free movie ticket if you wear red, but Kevin told me that, so I'm going to take it with a grain of salt. Take whatever that paper publishes with a grain of salt—it's really a tabloid.See also: grain, of, salt, take

separate the wheat from the chaff

To separate the good or valuable from that which is inferior. With so many manuscripts arriving daily, it's a challenge to separate the wheat from the chaff and spot the really exceptional ones.See also: chaff, separate, wheat

go against the grain

To do something or be in opposition or contrary to what is generally understood, assumed, practiced, or accepted. The artist always tried to go against the grain, ignoring the artistic trends of her day.See also: go, grain

a grain of mustard seed

A small or seemingly insignificant thing that has the potential to grow or develop into something vast or formidable. Originating from the Parable of the Mustard Seed in the Bible (in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke), describing how the Christian faith spreads and flourishes from small beginnings. Every child is a grain of mustard seed—at once relatively small in the scope of the world, but having within them the power to shape the very course of human existence.See also: grain, mustard, of, seed

with a grain of salt

With reservations or the understanding that some rumor or piece of information may not be completely true or accurate. Possibly a reference to an ancient Roman antidote to poison that included or consisted of a grain of salt. I heard that you can get a free movie ticket if you wear red, but Kevin told me that, so I'm going to take it with a grain of salt. Read whatever that paper publishes with a grain of salt—it's really just a trashy tabloid.See also: grain, of, salt

*against the grain

 1. Lit. across the alignment of the fibers of a piece of wood. (*Typically: be ~; Cut ~; go ~; run ~; saw ~.) You sawed it wrong. You sawed against the grain when you should have cut with grain. You went against the grain and made a mess of your sanding. 2. Fig. running counter to one's feelings or ideas. (*Typically: be ~; go ~.) The idea of my actually taking something that is not mine goes against the grain.See also: grain

ain't got a grain of sense

 and ain't got a lick of senseRur. is or are foolish. Mary spends money like there's no tomorrow. She sure ain't got a grain of sense. I wouldn't trust Jim to take care of my kids. He ain't got a lick of sense.See also: grain, of, sense

(a) grain of truth

even the smallest amount of truth. The attorney was unable to find a grain of truth in the defendant's testimony. If there were a grain of truth to your statement, I would trust you.See also: grain, of, truth

separate the wheat from the chaff

Prov. to separate what is useful or valuable from what is worthless. When it comes to books, time will separate the wheat from the chaff. Good books will have lasting appeal, and the rest will be forgotten. The managers hoped that the new procedure for evaluating employees would separate the wheat from the chaff.See also: chaff, separate, wheat

take something with a pinch of salt

 and take something with a grain of sltFig. to listen to a story or an explanation with considerable doubt. You must take anything she says with a grain of salt. She doesn't always tell the truth. They took my explanation with a pinch of salt. I was sure they didn't believe me.See also: of, pinch, salt, take

against the grain

Opposed to one's inclination or preference, as in We followed the new supervisor's advice, though it went against the grain. This metaphor refers to the natural direction of the fibers in a piece of wood, called its grain; when sawed obliquely, or "against the grain," the wood will tend to splinter. [c. 1600] For a synonym, see rub the wrong way. See also: grain

with a grain of salt

Also, with a pinch of salt. Skeptically, with reservations. For example, I always take Sandy's stories about illnesses with a grain of salt-she tends to exaggerate. This expression is a translation of the Latin cum grano salis, which Pliny used in describing Pompey's discovery of an antidote for poison (to be taken with a grain of salt). It was soon adopted by English writers. See also: grain, of, salt

separate the wheat from the chaff

or

separate the grain from the chaff

If you separate the wheat from the chaff or separate the grain from the chaff, you decide which things or people in a group are good or necessary, and which are not. The first two rounds of the contest separate the wheat from the chaff. Judges should not forget that when you separate the wheat from the chaff, you should try to keep the wheat. Note: You can use sort or sort out instead of separate. It's up to Wilkinson to sort out the wheat from the chaff and get the team back to the top of the table. Note: You can refer to the good or necessary things or people in a group as wheat or grain, and to the others as chaff. There's so little wheat in all this chaff. Was there rather less grain than chaff? Note: `Chaff' refers to the outer covers of wheat or other cereal which are separated from the grain by a process called winnowing. In the Bible (Matthew 3:12; Luke 3:17), John the Baptist uses the image of someone separating the wheat from the chaff to describe how Jesus will separate those who go to heaven from those who go to hell. See also: chaff, separate, wheat

go against the grain

COMMON If an idea or action goes against the grain, it is the opposite from what you feel is right or normal and you find it difficult to accept. It goes against the grain to pay more for a product that you know is inferior. The decision not to have children somehow goes against the grain. Note: Something can also run against the grain. It runs against the grain to force your child to leave home. Note: The grain of a piece of wood is the direction of its fibres. It is easier to cut or plane wood along the direction of the grain, rather than across it. See also: go, grain

take something with a pinch of salt

mainly BRITISH or

take something with a grain of salt

mainly AMERICANCOMMON If you say that someone should take some information with a pinch of salt, you mean that they should not believe it completely because it may not all be accurate or true. Reports from the authorities that the situation is calm should perhaps be taken with a pinch of salt. You have to take these findings with a grain of salt because respondents in attitude surveys tend to give the answers they feel they should. Note: A pinch of salt is a small amount of salt held between your thumb and your first finger. Some people believe that this expression refers to the King of Pontus, Mithridates VI, who lived in the first century BC. It is said that he made himself immune to poison by swallowing small amounts of it with a grain of salt. However, other people think that it is a medieval English expression, which suggests that you need to be suspicious of unlikely stories in the same way that you need salt with food. See also: of, pinch, salt, something, take

against the grain

contrary to the natural inclination or feeling of someone or something. This phrase alludes to the fact that wood is easier to cut along the line of the grain than across or against it.See also: grain

a grain of mustard seed

a small thing capable of vast development. Black mustard seed grows to a great height. In Matthew 13:31–2 it is stated that ‘mustard seed…indeed is the least of all seeds: but when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs’.See also: grain, mustard, of, seed

take something with a pinch (or grain) of salt

regard something as exaggerated; believe only part of something. 1998 Bookseller Meanwhile…readers should take the quotes they see with a pinch of salt. See also: of, pinch, salt, something, take

separate (or sort) the wheat from the chaff

distinguish valuable people or things from worthless ones. Chaff is the husks of corn or other seed separated out when the grain is winnowed or threshed. The metaphorical contrast between wheat and chaff is drawn in several passages in the Bible, for example in Matthew 3:12: ‘he will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire’.See also: chaff, separate, wheat

be/go against the ˈgrain

be or do something different from what is normal or natural: Voting for the Liberal Party goes against the grain with him. He’s voted Conservative all his life. ♢ It goes against the grain for her to spend a lot of money on clothes.The grain is the natural direction of lines in a piece of wood.See also: go, grain

take something with a pinch of ˈsalt

(informal) not believe everything somebody says: She told me she knew people in the movie industry, but I took that with a pinch of salt. ♢ I take everything he says with a large pinch of salt. OPPOSITE: take something as/for gospel/gospel truthSee also: of, pinch, salt, something, take

against the grain

Contrary to custom, one's inclination, or good sense.See also: grain

with a grain of salt

With reservations; skeptically: Take that advice with a grain of salt.See also: grain, of, salt

against the grain, to go

“There was something about Prohibition that went against the American grain,” a high school history teacher once said, quite innocent of her pun on this phrase, which means contrary to expectations, custom, or common sense. The literal meaning, against the natural direction of the fibers in a piece of wood, was turned figurative by Shakespeare in Coriolanus (“Preoccupied with what you rather must do than what you should, made you against the grain to voice him consul”). By the time Dickens used it in Edwin Drood (1870) it probably was already a cliché.See also: go

with a grain/pinch of salt, (to take)

Not to be believed entirely; to be viewed with skepticism. This term comes from the Latin cum grano salis, which appeared in Pliny’s account of Pompey’s discovery of an antidote against poison that was to be taken with a grain of salt added (Naturalis Historia, ca. a.d. 77). The term was quickly adopted by English writers, among them John Trapp, whose Commentary on Revelations (1647) stated, “This is to be taken with a grain of salt.”See also: grain, of, pinch

grain


grain,

in agriculture, term referring to the caryopsis, or dry fruitfruit,
matured ovary of the pistil of a flower, containing the seed. After the egg nucleus, or ovum, has been fertilized (see fertilization) and the embryo plantlet begins to form, the surrounding ovule (see pistil) develops into a seed and the ovary wall (pericarp) around the
..... Click the link for more information. , of a cereal grassgrass,
any plant of the family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae), an important and widely distributed group of vascular plants, having an extraordinary range of adaptation. Numbering approximately 600 genera and 9,000 species, the grasses form the climax vegetation (see ecology) in
..... Click the link for more information. . The term is also applied to the seedlike fruits of buckwheatbuckwheat,
common name for certain members of the Polygonaceae, a family of herbs and shrubs found chiefly in north temperate areas and having a characteristic pungent juice containing oxalic acid. Species native to the United States are most common in the West.
..... Click the link for more information.  and of certain other plants and is used collectively for any plant that bears such fruits. The food content of the seeds (as they are commonly called) is mostly carbohydrate, but some protein, oil, and vitamins are also present. Grain, whole or ground into meal or flour, is the principal food of man and of domestic animals. The seeds of most grains grow in concentrated clusters that are gathered efficiently by modern mechanical harvesting machines (see combinecombine
, agricultural machine that performs both harvesting and threshing operations. Although it was not widely used until the 1930s, the combine was in existence as early as 1830.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Grain is easy to handle and, because of its low water content, can be stockpiled and stored for long periods, unlike other starch foods (e.g., the potato). Grains, both living and stored, are attacked by a variety of insect pests (e.g., the corn borer, locust, and grasshopper) and by smuts, rusts, blights, rots, and other diseases of plantsdiseases of plants.
Most plant diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Although the term disease is usually used only for the destruction of live plants, the action of dry rot and the rotting of harvested crops in storage or transport is similar to the rots
..... Click the link for more information. . The principal grain crops, in order of total world output, are wheatwheat,
cereal plant of the genus Triticum of the family Poaceae (grass family), a major food and an important commodity on the world grain market. Wheat Varieties and Their Uses
..... Click the link for more information. , ricerice,
cereal grain (Oryza sativa) of the grass family (Graminae), probably native to the deltas of the great Asian rivers—the Ganges, the Chang (Yangtze), and the Tigris and Euphrates.
..... Click the link for more information. , Indian corncorn,
in botany. The name corn is given to the leading cereal crop of any major region. In England corn means wheat; in Scotland and Ireland, oats. The grain called corn in the United States is Indian corn or maize (Zea mays mays).
..... Click the link for more information.  (or maize), oatsoats,
cereal plants of the genus Avena of the family Poaceae (grass family). Most species are annuals of moist temperate regions. The early history of oats is obscure, but domestication is considered to be recent compared to that of the other grains—perhaps c.2500 B.
..... Click the link for more information. , barleybarley,
annual cereal plant (Hordeum vulgare and sometimes other species) of the family Poaceae (grass family), cultivated by humans probably as early as any cereal.
..... Click the link for more information. , and ryerye,
cereal grain of the family Poaceae (grass family). The grain, Secale cereale, is important chiefly in Central and N Europe. It seems to have been domesticated later than wheat and other staple grains; cultivated rye is quite similar to the wild forms and no traces of
..... Click the link for more information. ; together, these grains occupy about half of all the land under crops. All the staple grains were domesticated in the Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, and their cultivation was a powerful factor in drawing men into settled communities. Many religious beliefs and rites have been associated with grains; the cereals derive their name from Ceres, the Roman goddess of grain. Grain has been an article of commerce in nearly all civilizations.

Bibliography

See N. L. Kent, Technology of Cereals (1983); Y. Pomerantz, Modern Cereal Science and Technology (1987).

grain,

in weights and measures: see English units of measurementEnglish units of measurement,
principal system of weights and measures used in a few nations, the only major industrial one being the United States. It actually consists of two related systems—the U.S.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Grain

The pattern of fibers found on the cut surface of wood.

Grain

 

an obsolete unit of weight used in Russian pharmaceutical practice before the introduction of metric units of measure; one grain equaled 62.2 mg. In the British system the grain—commercial, apothecaries’ and troy (used in weighing precious metals)—is equal to 64.8 mg.

Grain

 

(1) The fruit of cereal grasses and the seed of legumes.

(2) The product of grain production. Grain is one of the principal human food products, a raw material for the flour, groats, beer, starch, alcohol, and mixed feed industries, and a concentrated feed for farm animals. The products of grain processing are used in the baking, macaroni, and confectionery industries. Grain is the most important part of the state food reserves and an export.

The grain of cereal grasses is a dry, monospermous fruit (caryopsis) that is glabrous in wheat, rye, corn, and the naked forms of barley and oats and tunicate (covered with flowering husks) in oats, barley, rice, and millet. The heaviest part of the grain is the endosperm, from which the most valuable part of flour is obtained during milling. Most of the cells of the grain are filled with starch and protein. The outermost layer of the endosperm—the aleurone layer—is rich in proteins and fat. The layer next to the aleurone contains the most protein. During graded milling the aleurone layer is separated from the grain and discarded, because the human organism does not digest it well. Depending on the dimensions, shape, and location of the starch grains and on the properties and distribution of proteins, the grain may be vitreous, semivitreous, or mealy.

In the lower part of the grain is the seed, the embryo of the future plant. It contains a great deal of protein, fat, sugars, vitamins, and enzymes. During graded milling the seed is removed because it is difficult to crush and because the fat contained in it turns rancid easily and ruins the flour during storage. The exterior of the grain is covered with the fruit and seed shells, which are generally discarded during graded milling. In wheat grain, the weight ratio of the endosperm (in percentages) is 81.1–84.2, of the aleurone layer, 6.8–8.6, of the seed, 1.4–3.2, and of the shells, 3.1–5.6. In oats, the endosperm is 51–61 percent of the total weight of the grain, the aleurone layer, 4–6 percent, the seed, 3–4 percent, the shells, 2–4 percent, and the flowering husks, 20–40 percent.

The mature grain of legumes has no endosperm. It is covered with a seed membrane (skin), under which lies the seed, which consists of meaty cotyledons and the embryonic stock, root, and plumule. In the most common legumes, the shell is 6.4–11 percent of the total weight of the grain, the cotyledons, 87.2–92.5 percent, and the root, stock, and plumule, 1.1–2.5 percent. (See Table 1 for the average chemical composition of grains, given a moisture level of 14 percent.)

Table 1. Chemical composition of grains (in percent)
CropsProteinsFatsCorbohydrates,
excluding
cellulose		CelluloseAsh
Wheat
soft1201 7687201 6
durum1381 86662.11.7
Rye11.01 769.61.91.8
Barley10.52.166.44.52.5
Oats10.15.258.99.92.0
Corn1004667.92.21.3
Buckwheat11.32.758.311.32.4
Rice6.61.962.310.25.1
Peas23 42 453.14.72.4
Beans2322 153.83.63.3
Soybeans34.018.424.64.54.5

The basic component of grain carbohydrates is starch, whose hydrolysis is very important in the preparation of dough. Cellulose and hemicellulose are part of the composition of the cell walls. Maltose, glucose, and fructose are among the sugars found in grains. The proteins in cereal grass grains are primarily prolamins and glutelins. The principal proteins in wheat are gliadin and glutenin, which form gluten, whose quantity and quality determine the elasticity of the dough and the porosity and volume of the bread. The gluten in rye (which is separated out under special conditions) and of barley (which is not contained in all grades of grain) does not have the valuable physical properties of wheat gluten. The proteins in legumes consist primarily of globulins and a small number of albumins. They are richer than the proteins of the cereal grasses. In most grains, the largest quantity of fats (primarily unsaturated fatty acids) is contained in the seed, but in peanuts and soybeans the fats are concentrated in the cotyledons. Grain ash contains phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, silicon, and other elements (in the form of oxides).

Enzymes are concentrated primarily in the embryo. The most important of them are α-amylase, β-amylase, orglucosidase (maltase), β-fructofuranosidase (invertase), lipase, protease, and catalase. Grain contains numerous vitamins, which are concentrated in the seed and the peripheral layers. Among them are thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), nicotinamide (PP), ascorbic acid (C), and, in germinated grain only, pantothenic acid and the pigment carotene, the source of retinol (vitamin A).

The quality of grain is evaluated on the basis of its freshness, color, odor, taste, acidity, weediness, moisture, character (weight of 1 liter), weight of 1,000 grains, and the cleanliness of the grain stores, which should be free of pests and diseases. In production evaluation (flour milling and baking), vitreousness, ash content, and protein content are often determined. Experimental bread is baked from flour and evaluated (volume of bread produced per 100 g flour and stability of the shape of bread). In the USSR the quality of grain is evaluated according to state standards, and standardized conditions have been established for processing grain. The quality of export grain is graded according to technical specifications.

REFERENCES

Kretovich, V. L. Biokhimiia Zerna i Khleba. Moscow, 1958.
Koz’mina, N. P.Zerno i produkty ego pererabotki. Moscow, 1961.
Kazakov, E. D.Zernovedenie s osnovamirastenievodstva. Moscow, 1965.
Spravochnik po kachestvu zerna i produktov ego pererabotki. [Compiled by V. T. Tevosian, B. M. Mashkov, and F. I. Biriukov.] Moscow, 1965.
Koz’mina, N. P. Zerno. Moscow, 1969.

E. D. KAZAKOV

Grain

 

a pattern on leather. In manufacturing leather, irregularities remain on the surface of the corium after the removal of the epidermis (which extends somewhat into the corium). These irregularities, together with pores, form the grain. The skin of each species of animal has its characteristic grain, making it possible to distinguish leathers. An artificial grain can be given by embossing a pattern on the leather.

What does it mean when you dream about grain?

Grain represents an opulent harvest and is often symbolic of a good life.

grain

[grān] (botany) A rounded, granular prominence on the back of a sepal. cereal drupelet (geology) The particles or discrete crystals that make up a sediment or rock. (graphic arts) A small particle of metallic silver remaining in a photographic emulsion after developing and fixing; these grains together form the dark areas of a photographic image. (hydrology) The particles which make up settled snow, firn, and glacier ice. (materials) The appearance and texture of wood due to the arrangement of constituent fibers. The woodlike appearance or texture of a rock, metal, or other material. The direction in which most fibers lie in a sample of paper, which corresponds with the way the paper was made on the manufacturing machine. (mechanics) A unit of mass in the United States and United Kingdom, common to the avoirdupois, apothecaries', and troy systems, equal to 1/7000 of a pound, or to 6.479891 × 10-5 kilogram. Abbreviated gr. (ordnance) A single piece of solid propellant, regardless of size or shape, used in a gun or rocket; a rocket grain is often very large and shaped to fit its requirements. (textiles) The direction in a piece of fabric which is parallel with the selvage.

grain

1. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or the strata in stone, slate, etc. 2. The easiest cleavage direction in a stone. 3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand. 4. A unit of weight measure in the English system of units; 7,000 grains equals 1 lb; used as a measure of the weight of moisture in air.

grain

As it pertains to photography, a small particle of metallic silver remaining in a photographic emulsion after development and fixing. In the agglomerate, these grains form the dark area of a photographic image.

grain

1. the small hard seedlike fruit of a grass, esp a cereal plant 2. a mass of such fruits, esp when gathered for food 3. the plants, collectively, from which such fruits are harvested 4. a. the granular texture of a rock, mineral, etc. b. the appearance of a rock, mineral, etc., determined by the size and arrangement of its constituents 5. the smallest unit of weight in the avoirdupois, Troy, and apothecaries' systems, based on the average weight of a grain of wheat: in the avoirdupois system it equals 1/7000 of a pound, and in the Troy and apothecaries' systems it equals 1/5760 of a pound. 1 grain is equal to 0.0648 gram 6. a metric unit of weight used for pearls or diamonds, equal to 50 milligrams or one quarter of a carat 7. the threads or direction of threads in a woven fabric 8. Photog any of a large number of particles in a photographic emulsion, the size of which limit the extent to which an image can be enlarged without serious loss of definition 9. Chem any of a large number of small crystals forming a polycrystalline solid, each having a regular array of atoms that differs in orientation from that of the surrounding crystallites

GRAIN

(1)A pictorial query language.

["Pictorial Information Systems", S.K. Chang et al eds,Springer 1980].

grain

(2)granularity

grain

One element. A tiny part of a larger system. See granularity.

grain


grain

 [grān] 1. a seed, especially of a cereal plant.2. the smallest unit in the apothecaries'" >apothecaries' and avoirdupois systems, equal to 0.065 of a gram" >gram; abbreviated gr.

grain

(grān), 1. One of the cereal plants, or its seed. 2. A hard, minute particle of any substance, for example, sand. 3. A unit of weight equivalent to 0.064799 grain [For other equivalents, see appendix, Weights and Measures]. 4. A macroscopically visible cluster of organisms living in tissue of patients with actinomycosis or mycetoma. 5. A particle of a silver halide in a photographic emulsion. [L. granum]

grain

(1) An obsolete, non-SI (International System) unit of weight formerly used by pharmacists, equal to 0.0648 g. 
(2) A nonspecific term for any granule particle (e.g., a psammoma body), seen by light microscopy; the term is no longer used in pathology.
(3) A cereal plant—e.g., barley, oat, wheat—or seed thereof.

grain

(gr) (grān) 1. Cereal plants (e.g., corn, wheat, or rye), or a seed of one of them. 2. A minute, hard particle of any substance, as of sand. 3. A unit of weight, 1/60 dram (apoth. or troy), 1/437.5 avoirdupois ounce, 1/480 troy ounce, 1/5760 troy pound, 1/7000 avoirdupois pound; the equivalent of 0.064799 gram. [L. granum]

grain

(gr) (grān) 1. One of the cereal plants, or its seed. 2. A hard, minute particle of any substance, e.g., sand. 3. The grain is obsolete as a unit in dentistry, medicine, pharmacy, and nursing. Avoid abbreviationgr, which is subject to frequent misinterpretation. A unit of weight equivalent to 64.79 mg. 4. A particle of a silver halide in a photographic emulsion. [L. granum]

Patient discussion about grain

Q. What and how much intake should I have 1. Vegetables, 2. Fruits and whole grain… I am 21 years old and would like to know that in order to get the required fiber per day what and how much intake should I have 1. Vegetables, 2. Fruits and whole grain…A. actually men under 50 should have 38 grams a day of fiber. here is a nice article about fiber consuming and a list of foods that contain fiber and the amount of it:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/fiber/NU00033/METHOD=print

More discussions about grain

Grain


GRAIN, weight. The twenty-fourth part of a pennyweight.
2. For scientific purposes the grain only is used, and sets of weights are constructed in decimal progression, from 10,000 grains downward to one hundredth of a grain.

GRAIN, corn. It signifies wheat, rye, barley, or other corn sown in the ground In Pennsylvania, a tenant for a certain term is entitled to the way-going crop. 5 inn. 289, 258; 2 Binn. 487; 2 Serg. & Rawle, 14.

Grain


Grain

A unit of weight equivalent to one 7,000th of one pound.
See GR

GRAIN


AcronymDefinition
GRAIN➣Genetic Resources Action International
GRAIN➣Grass Roots Anti-Imperialist Network
GRAIN➣Genetics, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Nanotechnology (future technologies)

grain


  • all
  • noun
  • verb

Synonyms for grain

noun seed

Synonyms

  • seed
  • kernel
  • grist

noun cereal

Synonyms

  • cereal
  • corn

noun bit

Synonyms

  • bit
  • piece
  • trace
  • spark
  • scrap
  • suspicion
  • molecule
  • particle
  • fragment
  • atom
  • ounce
  • crumb
  • mite
  • jot
  • speck
  • morsel
  • granule
  • scruple
  • modicum
  • mote
  • whit
  • iota
  • scintilla

noun texture

Synonyms

  • texture
  • pattern
  • surface
  • fibre
  • weave
  • nap

Synonyms for grain

noun a tiny amount

Synonyms

  • bit
  • crumb
  • dab
  • dash
  • dot
  • dram
  • drop
  • fragment
  • iota
  • jot
  • minim
  • mite
  • modicum
  • molecule
  • ort
  • ounce
  • particle
  • scrap
  • scruple
  • shred
  • smidgen
  • speck
  • tittle
  • trifle
  • whit
  • spot

Synonyms for grain

noun a relatively small granular particle of a substance

Related Words

  • granule
  • corpuscle
  • mote
  • particle
  • speck
  • molecule
  • atom

noun foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grasses

Synonyms

  • food grain
  • cereal

Related Words

  • food product
  • foodstuff
  • edible corn
  • corn
  • grist
  • groats
  • millet
  • barley
  • barleycorn
  • buckwheat
  • wheat
  • wheat berry
  • oat
  • rice
  • Indian rice
  • wild rice
  • malt

noun the side of leather from which the hair has been removed

Related Words

  • leather

noun a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 carat

Synonyms

  • metric grain

Related Words

  • metric weight unit
  • weight unit
  • mg
  • milligram
  • decigram
  • dg

noun 1/60 dram

Related Words

  • troy unit
  • apothecaries' unit
  • apothecaries' weight
  • scruple
  • pennyweight

noun 1/7000 pound

Related Words

  • avoirdupois unit
  • dram

noun dry seed-like fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e

Synonyms

  • caryopsis

Related Words

  • amaranth
  • barleycorn
  • wheat berry
  • kernel
  • rye
  • seed

noun a cereal grass

Related Words

  • cereal
  • cereal grass

noun the smallest possible unit of anything

Related Words

  • littleness
  • smallness

noun the direction, texture, or pattern of fibers found in wood or leather or stone or in a woven fabric

Related Words

  • texture
  • wood grain
  • woodgrain
  • woodiness
  • graining
  • woodgraining

noun the physical composition of something (especially with respect to the size and shape of the small constituents of a substance)

Synonyms

  • texture

Related Words

  • physical composition
  • composition
  • make-up
  • makeup
  • constitution

verb thoroughly work in

Synonyms

  • ingrain

Related Words

  • penetrate
  • perforate

verb paint (a surface) to make it look like stone or wood

Related Words

  • paint

verb form into grains

Synonyms

  • granulate

Related Words

  • form

verb become granular

Synonyms

  • granulate

Related Words

  • change form
  • change shape
  • deform
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