| 单词 | evolution |
| 释义 | evolution[ ev-uh-loo-shuhn or, especially British, ee-vuh- ] / ˌɛv əˈlu ʃən or, especially British, ˌi və- / SEE SYNONYMS FOR evolution ON THESAURUS.COM nounOrigin of evolutionFirst recorded in 1615–25; from Latin ēvolūtiōn- (stem of ēvolūtiō ) “an unrolling, opening,” equivalent to ēvolūt(us) past participle of ēvolere “to roll out or away” + -iōn-; see evolute,-ion SYNONYMS FOR evolution1 unfolding, change, progression, metamorphosis. SEE SYNONYMS FOR evolution ON THESAURUS.COM ANTONYMS FOR evolution1 stasis, inactivity, changelessness. SEE ANTONYMS FOR evolution ON THESAURUS.COM historical usage of evolutionEvolution comes from Latin ēvolūtiō (stem ēvolūtiōn- ) “unrolling a papyrus scroll, reading through (an author's words or a book),” a derivative of the verb ēvolvere “to roll out or away, unroll (a papyrus scroll), uncover, unwrap, unfold by using the intellect.” The earliest English meaning of evolution, “a movement or series of movements of troops or ships into battle formation,” dates from the early 17th century. The modern, biological sense “change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift,” first appears in 1832 in the works of British geologist Charles Lyell in a discussion of some invertebrate sea creatures. Charles Darwin did not use the word evolution at all in his first edition of On the Origin of Species (1859), although he did use the verb evolved at the very end of the book. Darwin preferred descent with modification, because the idea of progress had no place in his theory or work. It was his contemporary Herbert Spencer who, embracing Darwin's work, popularized evolution in its biological sense and also extended the word into ethics, philosophy, and sociology. OTHER WORDS FROM evolutionWords nearby evolutionevocator, evoke, evoked potential, evoked response, evolute, evolution, evolutionary, evolutionary algorithm, evolutionary biology, evolutionary fitness, evolutionary medicine Dictionary.com UnabridgedBased on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020 Example sentences from the Web for evolutionBritish Dictionary definitions for evolutionevolution / (ˌiːvəˈluːʃən) / nounbiology a gradual change in the characteristics of a population of animals or plants over successive generations: accounts for the origin of existing species from ancestors unlike themSee also natural selection a gradual development, esp to a more complex formthe evolution of modern art the act of throwing off, as heat, gas, vapour, etc a pattern formed by a series of movements or something similar an algebraic operation in which the root of a number, expression, etc, is extractedCompare involution (def. 6) military an exercise carried out in accordance with a set procedure or plan Derived forms of evolutionevolutionary or evolutional, adjectiveWord Origin for evolutionC17: from Latin ēvolūtiō an unrolling, from ēvolvere to evolve Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cultural definitions for evolutionevolution A theory first proposed in the nineteenth century by Charles Darwin, according to which the Earth's species have changed and diversified through time under the influence of natural selection. Life on Earth is thought to have evolved in three stages. First came chemical evolution, in which organic molecules (see also organic molecule) were formed. This was followed by the development of single cells capable of reproducing themselves. This stage led to the development of complex organisms capable of sexual reproduction. Evolution is generally accepted as fact by scientists today, although debates continue over the precise mechanisms involved in the process. (See mutation, punctuated equilibrium, and creation science.) notes for evolutionThe first cell is thought to have been formed when the Earth was less than a billion years old. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Medical definitions for evolutionevolution [ ĕv′ə-lōō′shən, ē′və- ] n.A continuing process of change from one state or condition to another or from one form to another. The theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Scientific definitions for evolutionevolution [ ĕv′ə-lōō′shən ] The process by which species of organisms arise from earlier life forms and undergo change over time through natural selection. The modern understanding of the origins of species is based on the theories of Charles Darwin combined with a modern knowledge of genetics based on the work of Gregor Mendel. Darwin observed there is a certain amount of variation of traits or characteristics among the different individuals belonging to a population. Some of these traits confer fitness-they allow the individual organism that possesses them to survive in their environment better than other individuals who do not possess them and to leave more offspring. The offspring then inherit the beneficial traits, and over time the adaptive trait spreads through the population. In twentieth century, the development of the the science of genetics helped explain the origin of the variation of the traits between individual organisms and the way in which they are passed from generation to generation. This basic model of evolution has since been further refined, and the role of genetic drift and sexual selection in the evolution of populations has been recognized. See also natural selection sexual selection. See Notes at adaptation Darwin. A process of development and change from one state to another, as of the universe in its development through time. A Closer LookDarwin's theory of evolution by natural selection assumed that tiny adaptations occur in organisms constantly over millions of years. Gradually, a new species develops that is distinct from its ancestors. In the 1970s, however, biologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould proposed that evolution by natural selection may not have been such a smooth and consistent process. Based on fossils from around the world that showed the abrupt appearance of new species, Eldredge and Gould suggested that evolution is better described through punctuated equilibrium. That is, for long periods of time species remain virtually unchanged, not even gradually adapting. They are in equilibrium, in balance with the environment. But when confronted with environmental challenges-sudden climate change, for example-organisms adapt quite quickly, perhaps in only a few thousand years. These active periods are punctuations, after which a new equilibrium exists and species remain stable until the next punctuation. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. |
| 随便看 |
英语词典包含192737条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。