Zymosan particles preincubated together with lipoproteins or alone (control) were incubated with the macrophages.
M.D.T. Carvalho, V.E. Tobias, C.M.V. Vendrame, A.F.M. Shimabukuro, M. Gidlund, E.C.R.Quintão 2000, 'Zymosan phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages is increased by apoHDL- and notby intact HDL-covered particles', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Researchhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2000000300009. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, goldfish showed a greater ability for zymosan phagocytosis when compared to their jawless counterparts.
Jeffrey J Havixbeck, Aja M Rieger, Michael E Wong, Michael P Wilkie, Daniel R Barreda 2014, 'Evolutionary conservation of divergent pro-inflammatory and homeostatic responsesin Lamprey phagocytes.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3896464?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Blood, peritoneal lavage and kidneys were collected at certain time points after zymosan injection.
Saso Luciano, Shalova Irina, Gyurkovska Valeriya, Dimitrova Petya, Ivanovska Nina 2009, 'Inhibition of zymosan-induced kidney dysfunction by tyrphostin AG-490', Journal of Inflammationhttp://www.journal-inflammation.com/content/6/1/13. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Then the cells were incubated with zymosan.
Quanxing Shi, Zhao Yin, Bei Zhao, Fei Sun, Haisheng Yu, Xiangyun Yin, Liguo Zhang,Shouli Wang 2015, 'PGE2 Elevates IL-23 Production in Human Dendritic Cells via a cAMP Dependent Pathway',Mediators of Inflammationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/984690. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Splenocytes were treated ex-vivo with zymosan to determine viability and proliferation.
Mehdi Taghavi, Esmaeil Mortaz, Alireza Khosravi, Ghasem Vahedi, Gert Folkerts, MohammadVarahram, Mehdi Kazempour-Dizaji, Johan Garssen, Ian M. Adcock 2018, 'Zymosan attenuates melanoma growth progression, increases splenocyte proliferationand induces TLR-2/4 and TNF-α expression in mice', Journal of Inflammationhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12950-018-0182-y. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Splenocyte number and viability were increased in a concentration-dependent mannerby zymosan.
Mehdi Taghavi, Esmaeil Mortaz, Alireza Khosravi, Ghasem Vahedi, Gert Folkerts, MohammadVarahram, Mehdi Kazempour-Dizaji, Johan Garssen, Ian M. Adcock 2018, 'Zymosan attenuates melanoma growth progression, increases splenocyte proliferationand induces TLR-2/4 and TNF-α expression in mice', Journal of Inflammationhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12950-018-0182-y. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The phagocytic function was estimated by the ingestion of zymosan by polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
Wilma Carvalho Neves Forte, Rafael M. Almeida, Gilberto da Silva Cairo Bizuti, DanielNeves Forte, Simone Bruno, Francisco S. Russo Filho, Carlos Alberto Conceição Lima 2003, 'Fagocitose por neutrófilos no Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico The phagocytosis by polymorphonuclearneutrophils in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus', Revista da Associação Médica Brasileirahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-42302003000100031. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Zymosan stimulation, as expected, induced increased cell migration and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the peritoneum.
Deyse C. M. Carvalho, Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva, Éssia de A. Lima, JoséG. F. M. Galvão, Anne K. de A. Alves, Priscilla R. O. Feijó, Luís E. M. Quintas, SandraRodrigues-Mascarenhas 2019, 'Marinobufagenin Inhibits Neutrophil Migration and Proinflammatory Cytokines', Journal of Immunology Researchhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1094520. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Our results demonstrate that gedunin presents remarkable antiinflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects on zymosan-induced inflamed knee joints, modulating different cell populations.
Fernando P. Conte, Fausto K. Ferraris, Thadeu E. M. M. Costa, Patricia Pacheco, LeonardoN. Seito, Waldiceu A. Verri Jr., Fernando Q. Cunha, Carmen Penido, Maria G. Henriques 2015, 'Effect of Gedunin on Acute Articular Inflammation and Hypernociception in Mice', Moleculeshttp://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/2/2636. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Phagocytosis activity was reported as the percent of macrophages that internalized three or more zymosan particles.
M.D.T. Carvalho, V.E. Tobias, C.M.V. Vendrame, A.F.M. Shimabukuro, M. Gidlund, E.C.R.Quintão 2000, 'Zymosan phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages is increased by apoHDL- and notby intact HDL-covered particles', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Researchhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2000000300009. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)