the nonprotoplasmic component of a plant, including the cell walls and intercellular material
Examples of 'apoplast' in a sentence
apoplast
This points to a bidirectional control of metabolite and protein release into the apoplast.
Nadine Strehmel, Wolfgang Hoehenwarter, Susann Mönchgesang, Petra Majovsky, SylviaKrüger, Dierk Scheel, Justin Lee 2017, 'Stress-Related Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Stimulate the Accumulation of SmallMolecules and Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Exudates', Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01292/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Pollination induced an accumulation of these ions in the apoplast of the stigma epidermal cells.
Elzbieta Bednarska, Marta Lenartowska, Lidia Niekraś 2005, 'Localization of pectins and Ca2+ ions in unpollinated and pollinated wet (Petuniahybrida Hort.) and dry (Haemanthus albiflos L.) stigma.', Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologicahttp://czasopisma.viamedica.pl/fhc/article/view/4605. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
They are produced in various cellular compartments including chloroplasts, mitochondria and apoplast.
Juan J. Pierella Karlusich, Matias D. Zurbriggen, Fahimeh Shahinnia, Sophia Sonnewald,Uwe Sonnewald, Seyed A. Hosseini, Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei, Néstor Carrillo 2017, 'Chloroplast Redox Status Modulates Genome-Wide Plant Responses during the Non-hostInteraction of Tobacco with the Hemibiotrophic Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria', Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01158/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These data are discussed in context of the apoplast transport in submerged leaves.
Olena M. Nedukha 2013, 'Structural features of the cell walls in the leaves of Sagittaria sаgittifolia L.and Trapa natans L.', Modern Phytomorphologyhttp://phytomorphology.org/PDF/MP3/03259265.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Bacterial masses were found in the apoplast between and within mesophyll cells.
Lucas Mateus Rivero Rodrigues, Rachel Benetti Queiroz-Voltan, Oliveiro Guerreiro Filho 2015, 'Anatomical changes on coffee leaves infected by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae',Summa Phytopathologicahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-54052015000400256&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
They increase the surface of the symplast-apoplast interface, thus enhancing nutrient uptake into the syncytium.
Holger eBohlmann, Miroslaw eSobczak 2014, 'The plant cell wall in the feeding sites of cyst nematodes', Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2014.00089/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This could be associated with an uncontrolled ion exchange between the sieve-element lumen and apoplast.
Maria K. Paulmann, Maria K. Paulmann, Grit Kunert, Matthias R. Zimmermann, Nina Theis,Nina Theis, Anatoli Ludwig, Doreen Meichsner, Ralf Oelmüller, Jonathan Gershenzon,Antje Habekuss, Frank Ordon, Alexandra C. U. Furch, Torsten Will 2018, 'Barley yellow dwarf virus Infection Leads to Higher Chemical Defense Signals and LowerElectrophysiological Reactions in Susceptible Compared to Tolerant Barley Genotypes',Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2018.00145/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We can show that at least one candidate accumulates in the plant apoplast.
Birgitt Oeser, Sabine Kind, Selma Schurack, Thomas Schmutzer, Paul Tudzynski, JanineHinsch 2017, 'Cross-talk of the biotrophic pathogen Claviceps purpurea and its host Secale cereale',BMC Genomicshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12864-017-3619-4. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These include proteins delivered to the apoplast and to the host cytoplasm.
Peter eMoffett, Shawkat eAli, Shawkat eAli, Maxime eMagne, Shiyan eChen, Natasa eObradovic,Lubna eJamshaid, Xiaohong eWang, Xiaohong eWang, Guy eBélair 2015, 'Analysis of Globodera rostochiensis effectors reveals conserved functions of SPRYSECproteins in suppressing and eliciting plant immune responses', Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2015.00623/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Antifreeze activity was detected in leaf apoplast of plants at different altitudes.
Fagua Virginia Álvarez Flórez 2006, 'Protein Electrophoretic Patterns and Anti-Freezing Activity in the Leaf Apoplastof The Tropical Andean Species Senecio Niveoaureus', Acta Biológica Colombianahttps://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/article/view/63333. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)