They showed inhibitory or activating effects on tyrosinase, a rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis.
Jinmei Wang, Linna Peng, Mengjun Shi, Changqin Li, Yan Zhang, Wenyi Kang 2017, 'Spectrum Effect Relationship and Component Knock-Out in Angelica Dahurica Radix byHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap MassSpectrometer', Moleculeshttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/7/1231. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In addition, the present study also first identified compound (1) with potent melanogenesis inhibitory activity.
Chien-Min Chiang, Hsiou-Yu Ding, Ya-Ting Tsai, Te-Sheng Chang 2015, 'Production of Two Novel Methoxy-Isoflavones from Biotransformation of 8-Hydroxydaidzeinby Recombinant Escherichia coli Expressing O-Methyltransferase SpOMT2884 from Streptomycespeucetius', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttp://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/11/26070. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Zebrafish embryos are treated with anti-thyroidal compounds, such as phenylthiourea, to inhibit melanogenesis.
Raúl Guillot, Borja Muriach, Ana Rocha, Josep Rotllant, Robert N. Kelsh, José MiguelCerdá-Reverter 2016, 'Thyroid Hormones Regulate Zebrafish Melanogenesis in a Gender-Specific Manner', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0166152. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Our findings suggest that melanogenesis could be regulated by physiological conditions, such as osmotic pressure.
Bum-Ho Bin, Jinhyuk Bhin, Seung Ha Yang, Dong-Hwa Choi, Kyuhee Park, Dong Wook Shin,Ai-Young Lee, Daehee Hwang, Eun-Gyung Cho, Tae Ryong Lee 2014, 'Hyperosmotic Stress Reduces Melanin Production by Altering Melanosome Formation',PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0105965. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Compound 1 exhibited melanogenesis inhibitory activities comparable with those of arbutin.
Takashi Kikuchi, Shinsuke Ueda, Jokaku Kanazawa, Hiroki Naoe, Takeshi Yamada, ReikoTanaka 2014, 'Three New Triterpene Esters from Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Seeds', Moleculeshttp://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/4/4802. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We will also explain the regulatory roles of different proteins involved in melanogenesis.
Stacey A. N. D'Mello, Graeme J. Finlay, Bruce C. Baguley, Marjan E. Askarian-Amiri 2016, 'Signaling Pathways in Melanogenesis', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttp://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/7/1144. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Reduced melanogenesis may lead to depigmentation conditions such as vitiligo.
Zang D, Niu C, Niu C, Aisa HA 2019, 'Amine derivatives of furocoumarin induce melanogenesis by activating Akt/GSK-3β/β-cateninsignal pathway', Drug Design, Development and Therapyhttps://www.dovepress.com/amine-derivatives-of-furocoumarin-induce-melanogenesis-by-activating-a-peer-reviewed-article-DDDT. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Zebrafish treated with compound 1 showed higher melanogenesis and increased tyrosinase activity.
Soon-Ho Yim, Nadia Tabassum, Woong-Hee Kim, Haaglim Cho, Ji-Hyung Lee, Galzad J. Batkhuu,Hyun Jung Kim, Won Keun Oh, Da-Woon Jung, Darren R. Williams 2017, 'Isolation and Characterization of Isofraxidin 7-O-(6′-O-p-Coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranosidefrom Artemisia capillaris Thunberg: A Novel, Nontoxic Hyperpigmentation Agent ThatIs Effective In Vivo', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1401279. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Tyrosinase activity was found to play a crucial role in melanogenesis.
Eskandani M, Golchai J, Pirooznia N, Hasannia S 2010, 'Oxidative stress level and tyrosinase activity in vitiligo patients', Indian Journal of Dermatologyhttp://www.e-ijd.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5154;year=2010;volume=55;issue=1;spage=15;epage=19;aulast=Eskandani. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These results provide novel information with regard to melanogenesis and its regulation.
Mei Yu, Robert H Bell, Maggie M Ho, Gigi Leung, Anne Haegert, Nicholas Carr, JerryShapiro, Kevin J McElwee 2012, 'Deficiency in nucleotide excision repair family gene activity, especially ERCC3, isassociated with non-pigmented hair fiber growth.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3353974?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)