This suggests that overall condition best explains variation in sensitive plant antipredator behavior.
Sarah Reed-Guy, Connor Gehris, Meng Shi, Daniel T. Blumstein 2017, 'Sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) hiding time depends on individual and state', PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/3598.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Antipredator defenses can be elaborate, making their evolutionary origin unclear.
Fredrick J Larabee, Andrew V Suarez 2015, 'Mandible-Powered Escape Jumps in Trap-Jaw Ants Increase Survival Rates during Predator-PreyEncounters.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4429970?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Antipredator defense structures and behaviour are noted for larvae and pupae of both species.
Warren Steiner 2014, 'Larvae and pupae of two North American darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae,Stenochiinae), Glyptotus cribratus LeConte and Cibdelis blaschkei Mannerheim, withnotes on ecological and behavioural similarities', ZooKeyshttp://zookeys.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=3835. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Our results highlight that antipredator responses may be highly dynamic and scale-dependent.
Maddalena Chizzola, Lydia Belton, Andre Ganswindt, Ilaria Greco, Grant Hall, LourensSwanepoel, Fredrik Dalerum, Fredrik Dalerum, Fredrik Dalerum 2018, 'Landscape Level Effects of Lion Presence (Panthera leo) on Two Contrasting Prey Species',Frontiers in Ecology and Evolutionhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2018.00191/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Antipredator responses may appear unsuccessful when animals are exposed to approaching vehicles, often resulting in mortality.
Esteban Fernández-Juricic, James Brand, Bradley F. Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, TravisL. DeVault 2018, 'Species With Greater Aerial Maneuverability Have Higher Frequency of Collisions WithAircraft: A Comparative Study', Frontiers in Ecology and Evolutionhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2018.00017/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Antipredator training, therefore, seems to be beneficial in maximizing survival after the release of juvenile little owls.
Alonso, R., Orejas, P., Lopes, F., Sanz, C. 2011, 'Pre–release training of juvenile little owls Athene noctua to avoid predation', Animal Biodiversity and Conservationhttp://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/wp-content/blogs.dir/2/files/ABC-34-2-pp-389-393.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Behavioral ecologists have recently begun to fill this theoretical vacuum by applying economic models of antipredator behavior to disturbance studies.
Alejandro Frid, Lawrence M. Dill 2002, 'Human-caused Disturbance Stimuli as a Form of Predation Risk', Ecology and Societyhttp://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol6/iss1/art11/. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The decisions animals make to adjust their antipredator behavior to rapidly changing conditions have been well studied.
Sarah Reed-Guy, Connor Gehris, Meng Shi, Daniel T. Blumstein 2017, 'Sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) hiding time depends on individual and state', PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/3598.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In these cases, naïve prey may lack sufficient antipredator behavior and, as a result, suffer increased mortality.
Charles W. Martin 2014, 'Naïve prey exhibit reduced antipredator behavior and survivorship', PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/665.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In addition, these defensive maneuvers trigger antipredator reactions in conspecifics and, concomitantly, stimulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis, leading to cortisol increase.
Thiago Acosta Oliveira, Renan Idalencio, Fabiana Kalichak, João Gabriel dos SantosRosa, Gessi Koakoski, Murilo Sander de Abreu, Ana Cristina Varrone Giacomini, DarlanGusso, Denis Brook Rosemberg, Rodrigo Egydio Barreto, Leonardo José Gil Barcellos 2017, 'Stress responses to conspecific visual cues of predation risk in zebrafish', PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/3739.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)