The defects seen include detachment of the acrosomal cap and impaired excess cytoplasm removal.
Damian B Yap, David C Walker, Leah M Prentice, Steven McKinney, Gulisa Turashvili,Katrin Mooslehner-Allen, Teresa Ruiz de Algara, John Fee, Xavier d'Anglemont de Tassigny,William H Colledge, Samuel Aparicio 2011, 'Mll5 is required for normal spermatogenesis.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3206077?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Cholesterol was particularly increased in acrosomal region when detected by filipin probe.
Tania E. Saez Lancellotti, Paola V. Boarelli, Maria A. Monclus, Maria E. Cabrillana,Marisa A. Clementi, Leandro S. Espínola, Jose L. Cid Barría, Amanda E. Vincenti, AnaliaG. Santi, Miguel W. Fornés 2010, 'Hypercholesterolemia Impaired Sperm Functionality in Rabbits', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0013457. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, no significant correlation with acrosomal integrity was found.
G. Kadirve, Satish Kumar, S.K. Ghosh, P. Perumal 2014, 'Activity of antioxidative enzymes in fresh and frozen thawed buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)spermatozoa in relation to lipid peroxidation and semen quality', Asian Pacific Journal of Reproductionhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2305050014600282. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Aliquots were assessed for concentration, viability, motility, and acrosomal integrity.
Miguel Angel Gutiérrez-Reinoso, Manuel García-Herreros 2016, 'Normozoospermic versus teratozoospermic domestic cats: differential testicular volume,sperm morphometry, and subpopulation structure during epididymal maturation', Asian Journal of Andrologyhttp://www.ajandrology.com/article.asp?issn=1008-682X;year=2016;volume=18;issue=6;spage=871;epage=878;aulast=Gutiérrez-Reinoso. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, freezing had no effect on acrosomal integrity.
A. Ijaz, M.I.U.R. Khan 2010, 'Assessing undiluted, diluted and frozen-thawed Nili-Ravi buffalo bull sperm by usingstandard semen assays', Italian Journal of Animal Sciencehttp://www.aspajournal.it/index.php/ijas/article/view/1108. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The structural integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes was analyzed using fluorescent dyes.
Paola Pereira das Neves Snoeck , Luís Cláudio Oliveira Moura , Carlos Augusto AlanisClemente , Ana Maria Loaiza-Echeverri , Mariana Machado Neves , Ivan Bezerra Allaman, Marc Henry 2015, 'Effect of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione in LDL extender onovine cryopreserved sperm viability', Semina: Ciências Agráriashttp://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/editor/submission/18174. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Compromised acrosomal status was seen in winter and rainy seasons as compared to summer.
Dilip Kumar Swain, Sarvajeet Yadav, Vijay Pandey 2016, 'Seasonal variations of cauda epididymal spermatozoa of bucks', Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Researchhttp://www.scopemed.org/fulltextpdf.php?mno=227795. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Motility, vigor, morphology damages, viability and acrosomal status were tested at the end of 90 minutes of cooling and post-thawing.
Ligia Freitas de Lima, Priscilllla Moura, Pedro Ivo Braga Passos, Diogo Ramos Leal,R odolflfo Rumpfpf, Jairo Pereira Neves 2010, 'INFLUÊNCIA DE SISTEMAS DE REFRIGERAÇÃO SOBRE A QUALIDADE DO SÊMEN OVINO CRIOPRESERVADOEM PALHETAS', Ciência Animal Brasileirahttp://www.revistas.ufg.br/index.php/vet/article/view/4252/8357. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The acrosomal vesicle becomes visible with an acrosome granule resting on the base of the electron dense material.
Samuel G. Olukole, Mary-Catherine Madekurozwa, Bankole O. Oke 2018, 'Spermiogenesis in the African sideneck turtle (Pelusios castaneus): Acrosomal vesicleformation and nuclear morphogenesis', Journal of King Saud University: Sciencehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364716307339. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)