Isolated serpentine outcrops can act as evolutionary capacitors, preserving distinct karyological and genetic diversity.
Filip Kolář, Tomáš Fér, Milan Štech, Pavel Trávníček, Eva Dušková, Peter Schönswetter,Jan Suda 2012, 'Bringing Together Evolution on Serpentine and Polyploidy: Spatiotemporal History ofthe Diploid-Tetraploid Complex of Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae)', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0039988. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, recent morphological, phylogenetic and karyological studies indicate that this judgementshould be revised.
Attila Takács, Attila Molnár V., Balázs A. Lukács, Timea Nagy, Ádám Lovas-Kiss, AndyJ. Green, Agnieszka Popiela, Lajos Somlyay 2018, 'Resurrection and typification of Elatine campylosperma (Elatinaceae), a long-forgottenwaterwort species', PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/4913.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Additionally, we suggest using karyological data in aquaculture and conservation biology.
Jeane R Indy, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez, Salomón Páramo-Delgadillo, Ulises Hernández-Vidal, Carlos A Álvarez-González, Wilfrido M Contreras-Sánchez 2010, 'Mitotic karyotype of the tropical freshwater crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus)llamasi (Decapoda: Cambaridae)', Revista de Biología Tropicalhttp://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442010000200010. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Therefore, in borderline cases true ploidy could be determined only by the karyological technique.
O. Biriuk, O. Usova, O. Meleshko, D. Shabanov 2016, 'Stability of spermatogenesis and displays of natural selection at the cellular andindividual level in immature representatives of the Pelophylax esculentus complex',Vìsnik Dnìpropetrovsʹkogo Unìversitetu: Serìâ Bìologìâ, Ekologìâhttp://ecology.dp.ua/index.php/ECO/article/view/651. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Karyological characteristics of the species have been revealed.
S. A. Volkova 2015, 'Karyotypes of the Cnidium cnidiifolium and C. olaense (Apiaceae)', Turczaninowiahttp://journal.asu.ru/index.php/tur/article/view/795. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Cluster analysis of karyological, pod and seed traits showed four groups of accessions.
Safia El-Bok, Cheima Jabri, Takwa Ben-Brahim, Oussama Lamine, Mohamed El-Gazzah, AzizaZoghlami-Khélil 2017, 'Pod, seed traits and cytotaxonomic studies of some Vicia narbonensis L. accessions(Fabaceae)', Saudi Journal of Biological Scienceshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X15002739. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Two karyological parameters were analysed: chromosome number and structure of interphase nucleus.
Adriana Buarque Marcon, Iva Carneiro Leão Barros, Marcelo Guerra 2003, 'Cariologia de algumas espécies de Pteridófitas ocorrentes no nordeste do Brasil Karyologyofsome pteridophytes species occurring in the northeast of Brazil', Acta Botânica Brasílicahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062003000100002. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
As a result of the studies, we found that the samples belong to one karyological race.
V.D. Shiposha, M.V. Olonova, Pilar Catalan, Isabel Marques, A.V. Agafonov 2018, 'Morphological variability of Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. in Siberia', Ukrainian Journal of Ecologyhttp://ojs.mdpu.org.ua/index.php/biol/article/view/2450. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Until now, basic karyological parameters have been used in different ways by researchers to infer karyological relationships among organisms.
Lorenzo Peruzzi, Fahim Altınordu 2014, 'A proposal for a multivariate quantitative approach to infer karyological relationshipsamong taxa', Comparative Cytogeneticshttp://compcytogen.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=4318. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)