a virus that exists in a bacterial cell and undergoes division with its host without destroying it
Compare bacteriophage
Word origin
C20: by contraction from French probactériophage; see pro-2, bacteriophage
Examples of 'prophage' in a sentence
prophage
Intriguingly, prophage gene expression was found to be a hallmark of intracellular gene expression.
Hain Torsten, Ghai Rohit, Billion André, Kuenne Carsten, Steinweg Christiane, IzarBenjamin, Mohamed Walid, Mraheil Mobarak, Domann Eugen, Schaffrath Silke, Kärst Uwe,Goesmann Alexander, Oehm Sebastian, Pühler Alfred, Merkl Rainer, Vorwerk Sonja, GlaserPhilippe, Garrido Patricia, Rusniok Christophe, Buchrieser Carmen, Goebel Werner,Chakraborty Trinad 2012, 'Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of lineages I, II, and III strains of Listeriamonocytogenes', BMC Genomicshttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/144. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The analysis of intact putative prophage genomes shows that they are highly diversified.
Kian Mau Goh, Han Ming Gan, Kok-Gan Chan, Giek Far Chan, Saleha Shahar, Chun ShiongChong, Ummirul Mukminin Kahar, Kian Piaw Chai 2014, 'Analysis of anoxybacillus genomes from the aspects of lifestyle adaptations, prophagediversity, and carbohydrate metabolism.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3948429?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The main differences between the strains were found in prophage content and prophage conservation.
Kathrin Rychli, Eva M. Wagner, Luminita Ciolacu, Andreas Zaiser, Taurai Tasara, MartinWagner, Stephan Schmitz-Esser 2017, 'Comparative genomics of human and non-human Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 121strains', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0176857. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Most genomes were found to contain at least one full prophage sequence.
Akbar Adjie Pratama, Maryam Chaib De Mares, Jan Dirk van Elsas 2018, 'Evolutionary History of Bacteriophages in the Genus Paraburkholderia', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00835/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Efficient expression of these genes requires lambdoid prophage induction and multiplication of the phage genome.
Sylwia Bloch, Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk, Aleksandra Dydecka, Joanna M Łoś, AgnieszkaFelczykowska, Alicja Węgrzyn, Grzegorz Węgrzyn 2014, 'Different expression patterns of genes from the exo-xis region of bacteriophage λand Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophage Ф24B following infection or prophage inductionin Escherichia coli.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4195576?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, when stressful conditions occur, a prophage excises itself and resumes the viral cycle.
Gaël Panis, Yohann Duverger, Elise Courvoisier-Dezord, Stéphanie Champ, Emmanuel Talla,Mireille Ansaldi 2010, 'Tight regulation of the intS gene of the KplE1 prophage: a new paradigm for integrasegene regulation.', PLoS Geneticshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2951348?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Here, we report that a prophage has a crucial role in this capsule thermoregulation.
Leslie Brown, Jeong-Ho Kim, Kyu Hong Cho 2016, 'Presence of a Prophage Determines Temperature-Dependent Capsule Production in Streptococcuspyogenes', Geneshttp://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/7/10/74. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Taken altogether, the diversity of the prophage sequences correlates with genome diversity.
Walid Mottawea, Walid Mottawea, Walid Mottawea, Marc-Olivier Duceppe, Andrée A. Dupras,Valentine Usongo, Julie Jeukens, Luca Freschi, Jean-Guillaume Emond-Rheault, JeremieHamel, Irena Kukavica-Ibrulj, Brian Boyle, Alexander Gill, Elton Burnett, Eelco Franz,Gitanjali Arya, Joel T. Weadge, Samantha Gruenheid, Martin Wiedmann, Hongsheng Huang,France Daigle, Sylvain Moineau, Sadjia Bekal, Roger C. Levesque, Lawrence D. Goodridge,Dele Ogunremi 2018, 'Salmonella enterica Prophage Sequence Profiles Reflect Genome Diversity and Can BeUsed for High Discrimination Subtyping', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00836/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Finally, the workflow was applied to unravel iron-triggered prophage induction in early exponential cultures.
Raphael Freiherr von Boeselager, Eugen Pfeifer, Julia Frunzke 2018, 'Cytometry meets next-generation sequencing – RNA-Seq of sorted subpopulations revealsregional replication and iron-triggered prophage induction in Corynebacterium glutamicum',Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-018-32997-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Additional indels were detected throughout the prophage.
Clifford G. Clark, Patrick M. Chong, Stuart J. McCorrister, Philip Mabon, MatthewWalker, Garrett R. Westmacott 2014, 'DNA Sequence Heterogeneity of Campylobacter jejuni CJIE4 Prophages and Expressionof Prophage Genes', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0095349. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)