Diagnostic characters (shape of mandibles, ventral mandible processes, pronotum and parameres) are illustrated.
David Král, Oliver Hillert, Dana Drožová, Petr Šípek 2013, 'Lethrus (Lethrus) schneideri sp. n. (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae) from Greece', ZooKeyshttp://zookeys.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=3284. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The contingency of pronotum variability with elytral patterns were investigated.
Alla V Blehman 2007, 'VARIABILITY OF PRONOTUM PATTERNS IN LADYBIRD BEETLE HARMONIA AXYRIDIS PALLAS (COLEOPTERA,COCCINELLIDAE)', Экологическая генетикаhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/5372. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Other characters, such as the shapes of pronotum and antennae are commonly variable within genera.
Matej Bocek, Ladislav Bocak 2017, 'The comparison of molecular and morphology-based phylogenies of trichaline net-wingedbeetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae: Metriorrhynchini) with description of a new subgenus',PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/3963.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We then asked whether head and pronotum shape variations, quantified using the geometric morphometric approach, contributed to this allometric pattern.
Kaan Kerman, Angela Roggero, Antonio Rolando, Claudia Palestrini 2018, 'Evidence for Male Horn Dimorphism and Related Pronotal Shape Variation in Copris lunaris(Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Coprini)', Insectshttp://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/9/3/108. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The five nymphal instar can be recognized based on different pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum shapes and characteristics.
João Aristeu da Rosa, Marcello Pereira Medeiros, Mario Cilense, José Maria SoaresBarata 2005, 'Morphological study of the thorax of the five nymphal instars of Triatoma arthurneivaiLent & Martins (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) Morfologia do tórax do quintoestádio ninfal de Triatoma arthurneivai Lent & Martins (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)',Revista Brasileira de Entomologiahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262005000300001. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Body size and pronotum width responded as predicted for experimental treatments, but were inconsistent across continents.
Heloise Gibb, Catherine L Parr 2013, 'Does structural complexity determine the morphology of assemblages? An experimentaltest on three continents.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3656910?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Diagnostic illustrations of the head and pronotum for males and females are provided for all species whenpossible.
Gavin Svenson 2014, 'Revision of the Neotropical bark mantis genus Liturgusa Saussure, 1869 (Insecta, Mantodea,Liturgusini)', ZooKeyshttp://zookeys.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=3555. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)