The amphipod activity caused major bioturbation in the local area and possible oxygen depletion.
Gail S. Anderson, Lynne S. Bell 2016, 'Impact of Marine Submergence and Season on Faunal Colonization and Decomposition ofPig Carcasses in the Salish Sea', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0149107. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These periods may be influenced by bioturbation, lake infill, and lake level changes.
Sarianna Salminen, Saija Saarni, Mira Tammelin, Yu Fukumoto, Timo Saarinen 2019, 'Varve Distribution Reveals Spatiotemporal Hypolimnetic Hypoxia Oscillations Duringthe Past 200 Years in Lake Lehmilampi, Eastern Finland', Quaternaryhttps://www.mdpi.com/2571-550X/2/2/20. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This way, bioturbation activity may contribute to species specific sensitivities to sediment associated compounds.
Tom V. van der Meer, Milo L. de Baat, Piet F. M. Verdonschot, Piet F. M. Verdonschot,Michiel H. S. Kraak 2017, 'Benthic Invertebrate Bioturbation Activity Determines Species Specific Sensitivityto Sediment Contamination', Frontiers in Environmental Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00083/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Bioturbation contributes to soil formation and ecosystem functioning.
Burkhard Wilske, Jana A Eccard, Marcus Zistl-Schlingmann, Maximilian Hohmann, AnnabelMethler, Antje Herde, Thilo Liesenjohann, Michael Dannenmann, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl,Lutz Breuer 2015, 'Effects of short term bioturbation by common voles on biogeochemical soil variables.',PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4425692?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This coincided with changes in the depth and rates of bioturbation.
S. Kersey Sturdivant, Megumi S. Shimizu 2017, 'In situ organism-sediment interactions: Bioturbation and biogeochemistry in a highlydepositional estuary', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0187800. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Meanwhile, the counteracting ecosystem engineering (lugworm bioturbation) reduced that threshold size.
Johan S Eklöf, Tjisse van der Heide, Serena Donadi, Els M van der Zee, Robert O'Hara,Britas Klemens Eriksson 2011, 'Habitat-mediated facilitation and counteracting ecosystem engineering interactivelyinfluence ecosystem responses to disturbance.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3150396?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In some places, bioturbation and the replacement of organic particles with pyrite can be observed.
Jože Čar 2013, 'Ladinian skonca beds of the Idrija Ore Deposit (W Slovenia)', Geologijahttp://www.geologija-revija.si/dokument.aspx?id=1183. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Meiofaunal variation was associated with hydrocarbon and bioturbation predictors.
Sorcha Cronin-O'Reilly, Joe D. Taylor, Ian Jermyn, A. Louise Allcock, Michael Cunliffe,Mark P. Johnson 2018, 'Limited congruence exhibited across microbial, meiofaunal and macrofaunal benthicassemblages in a heterogeneous coastal environment', Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-018-33799-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
It appears that all of these factors define a stable muddy area with intense bioturbation.
Déborah E. G. Martins, Maurício Camargo-Zorro, Pedro Walfir M. Souza Filho, IsraelHidenburgo Aniceto Cintra, Kátia C. A. Silva 2015, 'Spatial distribution of southern brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus subtilis) on the Amazoncontinental shelf: a fishery, marine geology and GIS integrated approach', Brazilian Journal of Oceanographyhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-87592015000400397&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Rudist shells are chaotically deposited in beds and frequently show signs of bioturbation and erosion.
Mauro Caffau, Mario Pleničar 2004, 'Rudist and foraminifer assemblages in the Santonian-Campanian sequence of Nanos Mountain(Western Slovenia)', Geologijahttp://www.geologija-revija.si/dokument.aspx?id=528. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)