Additionally, liver and muscular glycogenolysis, liver gluconeogenesis and circulating glucose levels are altered.
Porphirio José Soares Filho, Salim Kanaan, Analúcia Rampazzo Xavier, Helene Nara Henriques,José Augusto Soares Pantaleão, Maria Angélica Guzman-Silva 2012, 'Efeito da tibolona na morfologia do músculo esquelético, nas enzimas hepáticas e nonível sérico de glicose em ratas castradas Effect of tibolone on the morphology ofskeletal muscle, liver enzymes and blood glucose level in castrated female rats',Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorialhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-24442012000300005. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These results suggest that adenosine increases blood glucose levels by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis.
Miki Tadaishi, Yutaro Toriba, Makoto Shimizu, Kazuo Kobayashi-Hattori 2018, 'Adenosine stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis via adrenal glands–liver crosstalk inmice', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0209647. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Thus, it may affect glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis with changes in liver glycogen and circulatingglucose.
Porphirio José Soares Filho, Salim Kanaan, Maria Angelica Guzman-Silva 2011, 'Avaliação do glicogênio hepático correlacionado com glicose sérica em ratas castradassob tratamento com tibolona Evaluation of hepatic glycogen correlated with serum glucosein castrated rats under tibolone treatment', Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorialhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-24442011000500011. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Octopamine increased glycogenolysis, glycolysis, oxygen uptake, gluconeogenesis and the portal perfusion pressure.
Adelar Bracht, Rosane Marina Peralta, Vanessa Rodrigues Vilela, Andrea Luiza de Oliveira,Jurandir Fernando Comar, Mariana Nascimento de Paula 2013, 'Adrenergic Metabolic and Hemodynamic Effects of Octopamine in the Liver', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttp://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/11/21858. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Glucagon regulates glucose homeostasis by controlling glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Junfeng Han, Ming Zhang, Sean Froese, Feihan F Dai, Mélanie Robitaille, Alpana Bhattacharjee,Xinyi Huang, Weiping Jia, Stéphane Angers, Michael B Wheeler, Li Wei 2015, 'The Identification of Novel Protein-Protein Interactions in Liver that Affect GlucagonReceptor Activity.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4468146?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Neurons rely on astrocytic glutamate synthesis, requiring glycogenolysis.
Marie Elizabeth Gibbs 2016, 'Role of glycogenolysis in memory and learning: regulation by noradrenaline, serotoninand ATP', Frontiers in Integrative Neurosciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnint.2015.00070/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
According to the intensity of glycogenolysis, fast oxidative-glycolytic fibres are recruited more frequently during overtraining.
P. Kaasik, M. Umnova, T. Seene 2014, 'EXERCISE MYOPATHY: CHANGES IN MYOFIBRILS OF FAST-TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRES', Biology of Sporthttp://www.termedia.pl/EXERCISE-MYOPATHY-CHANGES-IN-MYOFIBRILS-OF-FAST-TWITCH-MUSCLE-FIBRES,78,23285,1,1.html. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Biological actions of amylin include suppression of insulin secretion, stimulation of glycogenolysis and inhibition of glycogen synthesis.
J.A. Fischer, W. Born, R. Muff 2001, 'Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (Cgrp), Adrenomedullin (Am), Amylin, And Calcitonin(Ct) Receptors And Overlapping Biological Actions', The Scientific World Journalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.413. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Platelet activation leading to clot formation correlates with increased glycogenolysis, glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, and lactic acid production.
Trevor P. Fidler, Robert A. Campbell, Trevor Funari, Nicholas Dunne, Enrique BalderasAngeles, Elizabeth A. Middleton, Dipayan Chaudhuri, Andrew S. Weyrch, E. Dale Abel 2017, 'Deletion of GLUT1 and GLUT3 Reveals Multiple Roles for Glucose Metabolism in Plateletand Megakaryocyte Function', Cell Reportshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124717309312. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Altogether, the energy supply for both astrocytes and neurons can be supplied rapidly by glycogenolysis upon neuromodulatory stimulus.
Jay S Coggan, Daniel Keller, Corrado Calì, Heikki Lehväslaiho, Henry Markram, FelixSchürmann, Pierre J Magistretti 2018, 'Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate.',PLoS Computational Biologyhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6160207?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)