Here, we hypothesized that alphavirus and flagellin would act in synergy when combined.
Maria L. Knudsen, Daniel X. Johansson, Linda Kostic, Eva K. L. Nordström, Karin Tegerstedt,Anna Pasetto, Steven E. Applequist, Karl Ljungberg, Jean-Claude Sirard, Peter Liljeström 2013, 'The Adjuvant Activity of Alphavirus Replicons Is Enhanced by Incorporating the MicrobialMolecule Flagellin into the Replicon', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0065964. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Furthermore, apical exposure to flagellin stimulated transepithelial migration of neutrophils and dendritic cells.
Tonyia Eaves-Pyles, Heng-Fu Bu, Xiao-di Tan, Yingzi Cong, Jignesh Patel, Robert A.Davey, Jane E. Strasser 2011, 'Luminal-Applied Flagellin Is Internalized by Polarized Intestinal Epithelial Cellsand Elicits Immune Responses via the TLR5 Dependent Mechanism', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0024869. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Thus, flagellin proteins represent a particularly attractive target for the development of vaccine candidates.
Jeong Seon Eom, Jin Seok Kim, Jung Im Jang, Bae-Hoon Kim, So Young Yoo, Ji Hyeon Choi,Iel-Soo Bang, In Soo Lee, Yong Keun Park 2013, 'Enhancement of host immune responses by oral vaccination to Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium harboring both FliC and FljB flagella.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3775770?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Three new flagellin genes were identified, for which specific antisera were obtained.
Cláudia de Moura, Monique Ribeiro Tiba, Marcio José da Silva, Domingos da Silva Leite 2013, 'Identification of new flagellin-encoding fliC genes in Escherichia coli isolated fromdomestic animals using RFLP-PCR and sequencing methods Identificação de novas flagelinascodificadas por fliC em Escherichia coli isoladas de animais domésticos utilizandoRFLP-PCR e sequenciamento', Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileirahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-736X2013000400001. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The immunogenicity of bacterial flagellin has been reported in different studies.
Jean-François Bruxelle, Assaf Mizrahi, Sandra Hoÿs, Anne Collignon, Claire Janoir,Séverine Péchiné 2017, 'Clostridium difficile flagellin FliC: Evaluation as adjuvant and use in a mucosalvaccine against Clostridium difficile.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5703446?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In vitro, flagellin promoted the proliferation of endothelial cells.
Jiang Zhu, Guangjie Duan, Lang Lang, Yao Liu, Junmin Zhu, Hu Wang, Yousheng Liu 2015, 'The Bacterial Component Flagellin Induces Anti-Sepsis Protection Through TLR-5, IL-1RNand VCAN During Polymicrobial Sepsis in Mice', Cellular Physiology and Biochemistryhttp://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/430111. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Subsequent mass spectrometric analysis identified several peptides that matched the flagellin protein.
Maha A. Aldubyan, Maha A. Aldubyan, Ibtesam S. Almami, Ibtesam S. Almami, Fatiha M.Benslimane, Fatiha M. Benslimane, Abdlrhman M. Alsonosi, Stephen J. Forsythe 2017, 'Comparative Outer Membrane Protein Analysis of High and Low-Invasive Strains of Cronobactermalonaticus', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02268/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Genetic relatedness of isolates was determined by flagellin and multi-locus sequence typing.
Babatunde W Odetoyin, Amy S Labar, Adebayo Lamikanra, Aaron O Aboderin, Iruka N Okeke 2017, 'Classes 1 and 2 integrons in faecal Escherichia coli strains isolated from mother-childpairs in Nigeria.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5568733?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Initially, the flagellin was captured on the sensor surface through an immobilized anti-flagellin antibody.
Devendra Bhandari, Fur-Chi Chen, Shreya Hamal, Roger C. Bridgman 2019, 'Kinetic Analysis and Epitope Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies to Salmonella TyphimuriumFlagellin Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor', Antibodieshttp://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/8/1/22. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)