a long whiplike outgrowth from a cell that acts as an organ of locomotion: occurs in some protozoans, gametes, spores, etc
2. botany
a long thin supple shoot or runner
3. zoology
the terminal whiplike part of an arthropod's appendage, esp of the antenna of many insects
Derived forms
flagellar (flaˈgellar)
adjective
Word origin
C19: from Latin: a little whip, from flagrum a whip, lash
Examples of 'flagella' in a sentence
flagella
In contrast, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol are strongly depleted in flagella.
Mauro Serricchio, Adrien W. Schmid, Michael E. Steinmann, Erwin Sigel, Monika Rauch,Daria Julkowska, Serge Bonnefoy, Cécile Fort, Philippe Bastin, Peter Bütikofer 2015, 'Flagellar membranes are rich in raft-forming phospholipids', Biology Openhttp://bio.biologists.org/content/4/9/1143. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Biophysical principles underlying motility of eukaryotic flagella are conserved from protists to vertebrates.
Louise C. Hughes, Katherine S. Ralston, Kent L. Hill, Z. Hong Zhou 2012, 'Three-Dimensional Structure of the Trypanosome Flagellum Suggests that the ParaflagellarRod Functions as a Biomechanical Spring', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0025700. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Previously it has been suggested that flagella might be implicated in colonisation.
Soza T. Baban, Sarah A. Kuehne, Amira Barketi-Klai, Stephen T. Cartman, Michelle L.Kelly, Kim R. Hardie, Imad Kansau, Anne Collignon, Nigel P. Minton 2013, 'The Role of Flagella in Clostridium difficile Pathogenesis: Comparison between a Non-Epidemicand an Epidemic Strain', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0073026. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Others were transporter components, flagella proteins, or proteins of unknown function (14 and 15 respectively).
Stéphanie Madec, Vianney Pichereau, Annick Jacq, Mathieu Paillard, Claire Boisset,Fabienne Guérard, Christine Paillard, Jean-Louis Nicolas 2014, 'Characterization of the secretomes of two vibrios pathogenic to mollusks.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4234667?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Within 12 h most cells possessed detached flagella alongside the existing attached flagellum.
Katherine Woods, Noirin Nic a'Bhaird, Clodagh Dooley, David Perez-Morga, Derek P Nolan 2013, 'Identification and characterization of a stage specific membrane protein involvedin flagellar attachment in Trypanosoma brucei.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3546053?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Protozoans move using cilia or flagella, and copepodites are equipped with highly specialized swimming legs.
Christian Marc Andersen Borg, Eleonora Bruno, Thomas Kiørboe 2012, 'The kinematics of swimming and relocation jumps in copepod nauplii.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3480368?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Escherichia coli swarm on semi-solid surfaces with the aid of flagella.
Katie M. Ford, Jyot D. Antani, Aravindh Nagarajan, Madeline M. Johnson, Pushkar P.Lele 2018, 'Switching and Torque Generation in Swarming E. coli', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02197/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella have highly conserved 9 + 2 structures.
Alu Konno, Kogiku Shiba, Chunhua Cai, Kazuo Inaba 2015, 'Branchial cilia and sperm flagella recruit distinct axonemal components.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4427456?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Phage accumulated primarily on the surface of cells at sites where flagella originated.
Stern NJ, Svetoch EA, Zavalsky LY, Popov DV, Popova VM, Zhilenkov EL, Seal BS 2006, 'The ability of flagellum-specific Proteus vulgaris bacteriophage PV22 tointeract with Campylobacter jejuni flagella in culture', Virology Journalhttp://www.virologyj.com/content/3/1/50. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Flagella-driven motility enables bacteria to reach their favorable niche within the host.
Katarzyna A. Radomska, Marc M. S. M. Wösten, Soledad R. Ordoñez, Jaap A. Wagenaar,Jaap A. Wagenaar, Jaap A. Wagenaar, Jos P. M. van Putten, Jos P. M. van Putten 2017, 'Importance of Campylobacter jejuni FliS and FliW in Flagella Biogenesis and FlagellinSecretion', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01060/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)