They are compared to a range of early ontogenetic stages from paedomorphic and non-paedomorphic species.
Sabine Stöhr, Alexander Martynov 2016, 'Paedomorphosis as an Evolutionary Driving Force: Insights from Deep-Sea Brittle Stars.',PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5091845?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We also observed differences in shape variance among paedomorphic and biphasic species.
Hilary A Edgington, Douglas R Taylor 2019, 'Ecological contributions to body shape evolution in salamanders of the genus Eurycea(Plethodontidae).', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6519905?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Analyzing a matrix of morphological data for paedomorphic taxa requires special care.
Alessandro Minelli 2015, 'Biological Systematics in the Evo-Devo era', European Journal of Taxonomyhttp://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/248. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The observed abundance of fire salamander larvae and paedomorphic newts was also low in the studied pond.
Mathieu Denoël, Laurane Winandy 2014, 'Fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) in Larzac plateau: low occurrence,pond-breeding and cohabitation of larvae with paedomorphic palmate newts (Lissotritonhelveticus)', Acta Herpetologicahttp://www.fupress.net/index.php/ah/article/view/13541. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Such paedomorphic events may have been associated with a secondary return to the deep-sea from shallow-sea environments.
Iain C. Wilkie, Martín I. Brogger 2018, 'The peristomial plates of ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) highlight an incongruencebetween morphology and proposed phylogenies', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0202046. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Of these strategies the strategy to just exclude paedomorphic character traits seem to be most beneficial.
Struck Torsten H 2007, 'Data congruence, paedomorphosis and salamanders', Frontiers in Zoologyhttp://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/4/1/22. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Instead, the axolotl exhibits a paedomorphic mode of development that enables a completely aquatic life cycle.
Anne Crowner, Shivam Khatri, Dana Blichmann, S. Randal Voss 2019, 'Rediscovering the Axolotl as a Model for Thyroid Hormone Dependent Development', Frontiers in Endocrinologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2019.00237/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)