Disruption of locally adapted reaction norms through outcrossing can lower individual viability.
Emily S Clark, Rike B Stelkens, Claus Wedekind 2013, 'Parental influences on pathogen resistance in brown trout embryos and effects of outcrossingwithin a river network.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3579773?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The highest outcrossing values were observed near the pollen source (12.9% at 1 m distance).
Baltazar M. Baltazar, Luciano Castro Espinoza, Armando Espinoza Banda, Juan Manuelde la Fuente Martínez, José Antonio Garzón Tiznado, Juvencio González García, MarcoAntonio Gutiérrez, José Luis Guzmán Rodríguez, Oscar Heredia Díaz, Michael J. Horak,Jesús Ignacio Madueño Martínez, Adam W. Schapaugh, Duška Stojšin, Hugo Raúl UribeMontes, Francisco Zavala García 2015, 'Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow in Maize: Implications for Isolation Requirements and Coexistencein Mexico, the Center of Origin of Maize', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0131549. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Exceptionally high outcrossing rate was observed in the entire population.
Banshanlang Iangrai, Arunava Pattanayak, D. Evanoreen Ann Khongwir, Gratify Pale,Emica Mary Gatphoh, Alpana Das, Nikhil Kumar Chrungoo 2017, 'Development and characterization of a new set of genomic microsatellite markers inrice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi) and their utilization in geneticdiversity analysis of collections from North East India', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0179801. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Cleistogamy limits the rate of outcrossing, and increases the cost of producing hybrid barley seeds.
Xinzhong Zhang, Baojian Guo, Guofang Lan, Hongtao Li, Shen Lin, Jun Ma, Chao Lv, RugenXu 2016, 'A major QTL, which is co-located with cly1, and two minor QTLs are associated withglume opening angle in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)', Frontiers in Plant Sciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2016.01585/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Outcrossing and self-fertilization can have contrasting effects on evolutionary trajectories of host populations.
McKenna J Penley, Giang T Ha, Levi T Morran 2017, 'Evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans host defense under selection by the bacterialparasite Serratia marcescens.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5549931?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The variation in outcrossing rates can amplify this range considerably.
Alexandre Siqueira Guedes Coelho, Roland Vencovsky 2003, 'Intrapopulation fixation index dynamics in finite populations with variable outcrossingrates Dinâmica do índice de fixação intrapopulacional em populações finitas com taxasvariáveis de fecundação cruzada', Scientia Agricolahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162003000200015. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Experimental studies have demonstrated the selective advantage of outcrossing in novel environments.
Raymond C Parrish, McKenna J Penley, Levi T Morran 2016, 'The Integral Role of Genetic Variation in the Evolution of Outcrossing in the Caenorhabditiselegans-Serratia marcescens Host-Parasite System.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4847799?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Here, we assess the specific role of genetic variation in the evolution of outcrossing.
Raymond C Parrish, McKenna J Penley, Levi T Morran 2016, 'The Integral Role of Genetic Variation in the Evolution of Outcrossing in the Caenorhabditiselegans-Serratia marcescens Host-Parasite System.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4847799?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)