orthographer (orˈthographer) or orthographist (orˈthographist)
noun
Examples of 'orthographies' in a sentence
orthographies
Orthographies vary in the degree of transparency of spelling-sound correspondence.
Irit Bar-Kochva, Zvia Breznitz 2012, 'Does the reading of different orthographies produce distinct brain activity patterns?An ERP study.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3352908?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Previous studies found altered brain function in deaf individuals reading alphabetic orthographies.
Yanyan eLi, Danling ePeng, Li eLiu, James R Booth, Guosheng eDing 2014, 'Brain activation during phonological and semantic processing of Chinese charactersin deaf signers', Frontiers in Human Neurosciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00211/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Extant reports of deep dysgraphia come from languages with relatively opaque orthographies.
Ilhan Raman, Brendan Stuart Weekes 2005, 'Deep Dysgraphia in Turkish', Behavioural Neurologyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/568540. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The three languages have shallow orthographies.
Liliana Tolchinsky, G. Liberman, M. Alonso-Cortes Fradejas 2015, 'Explaining first graders' achievements in spelling and word separation in shalloworthographies', Journal of Writing Researchhttp://www.jowr.org/abstracts/vol6_3/Tolchinsky_et_al_2015_6_3_abstract.html. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In transparent orthographies, persistent reading fluency difficulties are a major cause of poor reading skills in primary school.
Bettina Müller, Tobias Richter, Panagiotis Karageorgos, Sabine Krawietz, Marco Ennemoser 2017, 'Effects of a Syllable-Based Reading Intervention in Poor-Reading Fourth Graders',Frontiers in Psychologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01635/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
In contrast, deep orthographies with inconsistent grapheme/phoneme correspondences favor lexical pathways, where phonemes are retrieved from specialized memory structures.
Karin Andrea Buetler, Diego ede León Rodríguez, Marina eLaganaro, René eMüri, LucaseSpierer, Jean-Marie eAnnoni 2014, 'Language context modulates reading route: an electrical neuroimaging study', Frontiers in Human Neurosciencehttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00083/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
These range from shallow orthographies with transparent grapheme-phoneme relations,to deep orthographies, in which these relations are opaque.
Irit Bar-Kochva, Zvia Breznitz 2012, 'Does the reading of different orthographies produce distinct brain activity patterns?An ERP study.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3352908?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Regular readers were found to adjust the routine of reading to the demands of processing imposed by different orthographies.
Irit Bar-Kochva, Zvia Breznitz 2014, 'Reading proficiency and adaptability in orthographic processing: an examination ofthe effect of type of orthography read on brain activity in regular and dyslexic readers.',PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3899085?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)