The longitudinal vertebral growth derives from the endochondral ossification of the vertebral growth plate.
Ma Zhaolong, Zhu Zezhang, Qiu Yong, Wang Shoufeng, Xia Caiwei, Zhu Feng 2007, 'Histomorphological study of the spinal growth plates from the convex side and theconcave side in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis', Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Researchhttp://www.josr-online.com/content/2/1/19. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, the altered differentiation disrupts the highly coordinated events of endochondral ossification culminating in chondrodysplasia.
Kwok Yeung Tsang, Danny Chan, Deborah Cheslett, Wilson C W Chan, Chi Leong So, IanG Melhado, Tori W Y Chan, Kin Ming Kwan, Ernst B Hunziker, Yoshihiko Yamada, JohnF Bateman, Kenneth M C Cheung, Kathryn S E Cheah 2007, 'Surviving endoplasmic reticulum stress is coupled to altered chondrocyte differentiationand function.', PLoS Biologyhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC1820825?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are important steps for endochondral ossification.
Toshihisa Komori 2016, 'Cell Death in Chondrocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteocytes', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttp://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/12/2045. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Ossification patterns obtained may represent the primary spongiosa formation during endochondral ossification.
Oscar Rodrigo López-Vaca, Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado 2012, 'Spongiosa Primary Development: A Biochemical Hypothesis by Turing Patterns Formations',Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/748302. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Otosclerosis corresponds to otic capsule dysplasia characterized by metabolic derangement of its endochondral layer.
Juliana Oggioni Gaiotti, Natalia Delage Gomes, Ana Maria Doffemond Costa, CarolineLaurita Batista Couto Villela, Wanderval Moreira, Renata Lopes Furletti Caldeira Diniz 2013, 'Tomographic diagnosis and relevant aspects of otosclerosis', Radiologia Brasileirahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-39842013000500307&lng=en&tlng=en. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The fate of hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification remains controversial.
Tetsuya Enishi, Kiminori Yukata, Mitsuhiko Takahashi, Ryosuke Sato, Koichi Sairyo,Natsuo Yasui 2014, 'Hypertrophic chondrocytes in the rabbit growth plate can proliferate and differentiateinto osteogenic cells when capillary invasion is interposed by a membrane filter.',PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4133260?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Thus, the patterns obtained by ossification may represent the primary spongiosa formationduring endochondral ossification.
Oscar Rodrigo López-Vaca, Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado 2012, 'Spongiosa Primary Development: A Biochemical Hypothesis by Turing Patterns Formations',Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicinehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/748302. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Intramembranous and endochondral ossification were developed early.
Afraah Mutleq Ehnaiesh, Thaier Alwan Abid 2016, 'The effect of low level laser therapy on bone healing in male rats', Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Scienceshttp://www.qu.edu.iq/journalvm/index.php/vm_journal/article/view/374. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Histologic analysis suggests that the grafts rapidly differentiated into cartilage, followed by efficient endochondral ossification.
CH Evans , F-J Liu, V Glatt, JA Hoyland, C Kirker-Head, A Walsh, O Betz, JW Wells,V Betz, RM Porter, FA Saad, LC Gerstenfeld, TA Einhorn, MB Harris, MS Vrahas 2009, 'Use of genetically modified muscle and fat grafts to repair defects in bone and cartilage',European Cells & Materialshttp://www.ecmjournal.org/papers/vol018/pdf/v018a09.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Family members are expressed during limb development, endochondral ossification, early fracture, and cartilage repair.
Granjeiro J.M., Oliveira R.C., Bustos-Valenzuela J.C., Sogayar M.C., Taga R. 2005, 'Bone morphogenetic proteins: from structure to clinical use', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Researchhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2005001000003. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)