a decrease in sensitivity, through overexposure, to a drug or other chemical caused by a reduction in the number or density of receptors on cell surfaces
Examples of 'downregulation' in a sentence
downregulation
Analysis of downstream pathway components revealed a cooperative effect on target downregulation.
Rajaa El Meskini, Anthony J. Iacovelli, Alan Kulaga, Michelle Gumprecht, Philip L.Martin, Maureen Baran, Deborah B. Householder, Terry Van Dyke, Zoë Weaver Ohler 2015, 'A preclinical orthotopic model for glioblastoma recapitulates key features of humantumors and demonstrates sensitivity to a combination of MEK and PI3K pathway inhibitors',Disease Models & Mechanismshttp://dmm.biologists.org/content/8/1/45. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
All the significantly altered genes showed downregulation after the maturation process.
Błażej Chermuła, Maciej Brązert, Michal Jeseta, Katarzyna Ożegowska, Ievgenia Kocherova,Maurycy Jankowski, Piotr Celichowski, Patrycja Sujka-Kordowska, Aneta Konwerska, HannaPiotrowska-Kempisty, Joanna Budna-Tukan, Paweł Antosik, Dorota Bukowska, Marie Machatkova,Klaus P. Brussow, Mariusz T. Skowroński, Leszek Pawelczyk, Małgorzata Bruska, MichałNowicki, Bartosz Kempisty 2019, 'Transcriptomic Pattern of Genes Regulating Protein Response and Status of MitochondrialActivity Are Related to Oocyte Maturational Competence—A Transcriptomic Study', International Journal of Molecular Scienceshttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/9/2238. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, the mechanism of p53 downregulation has not yet been characterized.
Gennaro Altamura, Karen Power, Manuela Martano, Barbara degli Uberti, Giorgio Galiero,Giovanna De Luca, Paola Maiolino, Giuseppe Borzacchiello 2018, 'Felis catus papillomavirus type-2 E6 binds to E6AP, promotes E6AP/p53 binding andenhances p53 proteasomal degradation', Scientific Reportshttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-018-35723-7. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The results suggested promoter hypermethylation as an important mechanism for its downregulation.
Gopinath KS, Mohiyuddin SM Azeem, Chakraborty Sanjukta, Kumar Arun 2008, 'Involvement of TSC genes and differential expression of other members of the mTORsignaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma', BMC Cancerhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/163. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Three main groups of coexpressed genes revealed diverse time-dependent profiles of up- and downregulation.
Michał Korostyński, Natalia Małek, Marcin Piechota, Katarzyna Starowicz 2017, 'Blood Transcriptional Signatures for Disease Progression in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis',International Journal of Genomicshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1746426. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nevertheless, 14 genes showed response to both up- and downregulation of syndecan-1.
Tünde Szatmári, Filip Mundt, Ghazal Heidari-Hamedani, Fang Zong, Elena Ferolla, AndreyAlexeyenko, Anders Hjerpe, Katalin Dobra 2012, 'Novel genes and pathways modulated by syndecan-1: implications for the proliferationand cell-cycle regulation of malignant mesothelioma cells.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3483307?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This inhibition was reversed by the downregulation of deptor.
Falguni Das, Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury, Doug Yoon Lee, Yves Gorin, Balakuntalam S. Kasinath,Goutam Ghosh Choudhury 2018, 'Akt2 causes TGFβ-induced deptor downregulation facilitating mTOR to drive podocytehypertrophy and matrix protein expression', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0207285. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Additionally, downregulation or inactivation of the studied gene enables functional studies.
Roman J. Szczesny, Katarzyna Kowalska, Kamila Klosowska-Kosicka, Aleksander Chlebowski,Ewelina P. Owczarek, Zbigniew Warkocki, Tomasz M. Kulinski, Dorota Adamska, KamilaAffek, Agata Jedroszkowiak, Anna V. Kotrys, Rafal Tomecki, Pawel S. Krawczyk, LukaszS. Borowski, Andrzej Dziembowski 2018, 'Versatile approach for functional analysis of human proteins and efficient stablecell line generation using FLP-mediated recombination system', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0194887. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The downregulation was reversible and required new protein synthesis.
Thomas Andrieu, Pierre Fustier, Rasoul Alikhani-Koupaei, Irena D. Ignatova, AndreasGuettinger, Felix J. Frey, Brigitte M. Frey 2014, 'Insulin, CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins and Lactate Regulate the Human 11β-HydroxysteroidDehydrogenase Type 2 Gene Expression in Colon Cancer Cell Lines', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0105354. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Measures of oxidative stress also showed significant downregulation after melatonin treatment.
Qi Fang, Gang Chen, Weiwei Zhu, Wanli Dong, Zhong Wang 2009, 'Influence of Melatonin on Cerebrovascular Proinflammatory Mediators Expression andOxidative Stress Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rabbits', Mediators of Inflammationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/426346. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)