The highest variation in species richness was observed in gleaners and nectarivorous species.
Carlos E. L. Esbérard 2007, 'Influência do ciclo lunar na captura de morcegos Phyllostomidae Influence of mooncycle in phyllostomid bat capture', Iheringia: Série Zoologiahttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212007000100012. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The presence of predatory and nectarivorous species were registered.
Alysson Fonseca, Renata Campos, Geiziane Silva 2015, 'Formigas em Carcaças de Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) em uma Área de Cerrado no Sudestedo Brasil: Riqueza e Abundância', EntomoBrasilishttp://www.periodico.ebras.bio.br/ojs/index.php/ebras/article/view/ebrasilis.v8i1.460. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Exceptions to their nectarivorous diet are few.
Piero Angeli Ruschi 2014, 'Frugivory by the hummingbird Chlorostilbon notatus (Apodiformes: Trochilidae) in theBrazilian Amazon', Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitãohttp://www.boletimmbml.net/boletim/index.php/boletim_mbml/article/view/55. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nectarivorous animals face a similar scenario having to remember quality, location and replenishment schedules of several nectar sources.
Paulina L. González-Gómez, Natalia Madrid-Lopez, Juan E. Salazar, Rodrigo Suárez,Pablo Razeto-Barry, Jorge Mpodozis, Francisco Bozinovic, Rodrigo A. Vásquez 2014, 'Cognitive Ecology in Hummingbirds: The Role of Sexual Dimorphism and Its AnatomicalCorrelates on Memory', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0090165. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Macroglossum stellatarum are fast flying nectarivorous hawkmoths that inspect flowers with their long proboscis while hovering.
Joaquín Goyret, Almut Kelber 2012, 'Chromatic Signals Control Proboscis Movements during Hovering Flight in the HummingbirdHawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0034629. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Hummingbirds are the oldest and most diverse clade of nectarivorous vertebrates, being a perfect subject to study tongue specializations.
Alejandro Rico-Guevara 2017, 'Relating form to function in the hummingbird feeding apparatus', PeerJhttps://peerj.com/articles/3449.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Nectarivorous species showed more pronounced skewness.
W. Herbert Wilson 2013, 'A Deeper Statistical Examination of Arrival Dates of Migratory Breeding Birds in Relationto Global Climate Change', Biologyhttp://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/2/2/742. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)