Myotube area and fusion index were measured to quantify myotube differentiation.
Kim CH, Shin JH, Hwang SJ, Choi YH, Kim DS, Kim CM 2016, 'Schisandrae fructus enhances myogenic differentiation and inhibits atrophy throughprotein synthesis in human myotubes', International Journal of Nanomedicinehttps://www.dovepress.com/schisandrae-fructus-enhances-myogenic-differentiation-and-inhibits-atr-peer-reviewed-article-IJN. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Myoblast proliferation and myotube formation are critical early events in skeletal muscle regeneration.
Matej Podbregar, Mitja Lainscak, Oja Prelovsek, Tomaz Mars 2013, 'Cytokine Response of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells Stimulated with ProinflammatoryFactors Depends on Differentiation Stage', The Scientific World Journalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/617170. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The increase in gap-junction function suggests promoting cell fusion and myotube differentiation.
Caterina Morabito, Nathalie Steimberg, Francesca Rovetta, Jennifer Boniotti, SimoneGuarnieri, Giovanna Mazzoleni, Maria A. Mariggiò 2017, 'Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Affect Myogenic Processes in C2C12Myoblasts: Role of Gap-Junction-Mediated Intercellular Communication', BioMed Research Internationalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2460215. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Acrolein has been found to induce myotube atrophy in vitro.
Huang‐Jen Chen, Ching‐Chia Wang, Ding‐Cheng Chan, Chen‐Yuan Chiu, Rong‐Sen Yang, Shing‐HwaLiu 2019, 'Adverse effects of acrolein, a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, on muscle regenerationand mass', Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Musclehttps://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12362. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Myotube atrophy was examined by phase contrast microscopy.
Yue-yue Zhang, Man Yang, Jin-fang Bao, Li-jie Gu, Hong-lei Yu, Wei-jie Yuan 2018, 'Phosphate stimulates myotube atrophy through autophagy activation: evidence of hyperphosphatemiacontributing to skeletal muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease', BMC Nephrologyhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12882-018-0836-2. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This suggests concurrent responses involving both increased metabolism and myotube protein synthesis.
Erin L. Brown, Victoria C. Foletta, Craig R. Wright, Patricio V. Sepulveda, NickyKonstantopoulos, Andrew Sanigorski, Paul Della Gatta, David Cameron-Smith, AnastasiaKralli, Aaron P. Russell 2018, 'PGC-1α and PGC-1β Increase Protein Synthesis via ERRα in C2C12 Myotubes', Frontiers in Physiologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2018.01336/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Fluorescence microscope was used for analysis of the myotube morphology.
Dongwook Yeo, Chounghun Kang, Tianou Zhang, Li Li Ji 2019, 'Avenanthramides attenuate inflammation and atrophy in muscle cells', Journal of Sport and Health Sciencehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254618300681. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Here, we infect non-proliferating muscle fiber myotube cultures prepared from differentiated myoblasts.
Allen Herbst, Pamela Banser, Camilo Duque Velasquez, Charles E Mays, Valerie L Sim,David Westaway, Judd M Aiken, Debbie McKenzie 2013, 'Infectious prions accumulate to high levels in non proliferative C2C12 myotubes.',PLoS Pathogenshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3820720?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Concomitantly, myotubes differentiated in burn serum demonstrated impaired myogenesis (assessed by number of nuclei/myotube).
Katie L Corrick, Michael J Stec, Michael J Stec, Edward K Merritt, Edward K Merritt,Samuel T Windham, Samuel T Windham, Steven J Thomas, James M Cross, Marcas M Bamman,Marcas M Bamman, Marcas M Bamman 2015, 'Serum from human burn victims impairs myogenesis and protein synthesis in primarymyoblasts', Frontiers in Physiologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fphys.2015.00184/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Cells treated with oxytocinand 5-azacytidin connected with adjoining cells to form myotube-like structures.
Reihaneh Motamedi, Mehri Azadbakht, Fardin Fathi, Ali Amini, Mohammad Ismail Ghaidari,Ezat Salehi 2010, 'In Vitro Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells intoCardiomyocyte-like Cells', Cell Journalhttp://www.celljournal.org/library/upload/article/af_772354410Motamedi.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)