单词	rule
释义	rule1 nounrule2 verb rulerule1 /ruːl/ ●●● S1 W1 noun Entry menu MENU FOR rulerule1 about what is allowed2 about what you should do3 normal/usual4 government5 in grammar/science etc6 the rule of law7 the rules of natural justice8 rule of thumb9 make it a rule (to do something)10 for measuring Word Origin WORD ORIGINrule1 Origin: 1200-1300 Old French reule, from Latin regula; ➔ REGULAR1 Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES British rule in India came to an end in 1947. For many years Algeria was under French rule. I have no sympathy for Jonson. He broke the rules and got caught, that's all. It is strictly against the rules for athletes to take drugs. It says in the rules that every child has to wear school uniform. Late in 1991, Communist rule ended in Russia. No one's allowed to ride with the driver. That's a company rule. the rules of etiquette The rules of grammar in French are very complex. There have been some changes in the rules governing the use of safety equipment. These are just guidelines, not hard and fast rules. What are the rules of the game? EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS Clear rules, fairly and consistently applied, are fundamental to all forms of punishment. In general, two kinds of rule will be considered - first, rules of interpretation and second, prescriptive rules. In the next section we will also discuss the loss of a morphological rule that created causative verbs from adjectives. Legal advice must be taken to ascertain the exact rules and how they are applied. So break any rules you please. Sparky is a manufacturer within the rule and Pyro and Nancy are consumers. The resultant grammar contained 3527 basic rules which were converted and extended to a set of 200,000 rules. We can, however, instantly recognize the actual instances where rules are broken. Thesaurus THESAURUS► rule an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company: · the rules of baseball· He disobeyed the school rules. ► law an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey: · It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon.· The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets. ► regulation an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization: · the regulations for applying for a passport· building regulations· environmental regulations on air pollution ► restriction an official rule that limits what people can do: · new restrictions on immigration· The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country. ► guidelines rules or instructions about the best way to do something: · the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet· guidelines for classroom teachers ► code a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: · The school has a dress code for its students.· the company’s code of conduct ► statute formal a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down: · The statute banned corporal punishment. ► ordinance American English a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: · A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour. Longman Language Activatora rule► rule an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, or in a school or organization: · No one's allowed to ride with the driver. That's a company rule.· It says in the rules that every child has to wear school uniform.against the rules (=not allowed by the rules): · It is strictly against the rules for athletes to take drugs.break a rule (=disobey it): · I have no sympathy for Jonson. He broke the rules and got caught, that's all.rules govern something (=say how something should be done): · There have been some changes in the rules governing the use of safety equipment.hard and fast rule (=a definite fixed rule): · These are just guidelines, not hard and fast rules. ► regulation an official rule made by a government or organization, which is part of a set of rules: · Under the new regulations, coach drivers must take a break every four hours.building/planning/environmental regulations: · The building regulations are very strict about the materials you can use.safety/fire regulations: · Safety regulations affecting dangerous fluids must be scrupulously observed.comply with/conform to a regulation (=be correct according to a regulation): · All cars sold in Germany must conform to the regulations laid down by the Federal Road Safety Board.contravene/breach a regulation formal (=do something that is forbidden by it): · Anyone who takes milk from an unhealthy cow will be contravening public health regulations. ► restriction an official rule that limits what people can do: restriction on: · There are restrictions on what you can bring into the country. Alcohol, for example, is totally forbidden.impose a restriction (=bring it into operation): · The restrictions imposed by the censors make objective reporting of news impossible.lift a restriction (=stop it from operating): · Congress voted to lift trade restrictions against Iran.travel/price/import restrictions (=rules that limit the amount that someone can travel, how much something can cost etc): · For a while they tried using price restrictions as a way of controlling inflation. ► law one of the rules that say how a sport should be played: · FIFA is the organization that runs world football and decides whether any of the laws should be changed.law of: · the laws of cricket ► code a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: code of: · He will be dealt with under our code of discipline.code of practice (=rules saying what a particular type of organization should or should not do): · A new code of practice governing the advertising of tobacco products is being introduced.code of conduct (=rules saying how members of a profession should behave): · Hobbs had blatantly ignored the legal profession's code of conduct.moral/religious code: · people who follow some strict religious code ► rules and regulations a set of rules - use this when you think the rules are too detailed or cause unnecessary inconvenience: · There were so many petty rules and regulations that some companies stopped trying to export their products. rules of acceptable behaviour► convention the rules and customs of acceptable behaviour, which are generally accepted by the members of a group or society: · He is a flamboyant millionaire who ignores social conventions.convention of: · She shocked her neighbours by ignoring every convention of respectable society.a matter of convention: · It is a matter of convention that male business people usually wear suits.defy convention (=do something unconventional): · For the next four years they defied convention by living as man and wife when they were not. ► protocol the system of rules for behaviour on official occasions: · According to protocol, he was to arrive at the meeting exactly five minutes early.breach of protocol (=behaviour not according to protocol): · Touching the Queen was a breach of royal protocol. ► etiquette the rules of polite behaviour in society or in a particular group: · Etiquette is especially important on occasions such as weddings and funerals.breach of etiquette (=behaviour not according to etiquette): · It was considered a breach of etiquette to refuse an invitation.professional etiquette (=the etiquette followed by people working in a particular profession): · Professional etiquette dictates that judges should not express their opinions about a case in public. ► unwritten law a rule or way of behaving that is not official but is accepted by most members of a society or group: · It was an unwritten law of the Mafia that nobody should talk to the police.· Jobs like this never go to women -- it just seems to be one of those unwritten laws of business. ► netiquette informal the commonly accepted rules for polite behaviour when you are communicating with other people on the Internet: · Sending an angry e-mail in capital letters breaks the rules of netiquette. to not obey a rule or law► disobey to not obey a law or rule: · Protesters disobeyed the law and blocked the city's main roads.· Troops openly disobeyed orders, refusing to use force against their own people. ► break a rule/law to not do what a rule or law says you must do: · Students who break the rules and smoke in school will be suspended.· I do not want my sons' TV role models to be tough, cool guys, who break laws and kill people. break the law: · If you fail to buy a ticket before you get on the train, you are breaking the law. ► violate formal to disobey or do something that is against a rule, agreement, principle etc: · This action violated the constitution and the Civil Rights Act.· Police have arrested twenty people, accused of violating a ban on demonstrations. ► disregard also ignore to pay no attention to a law, rule, or to what someone has told you to do, and behave as if it does not affect you. Disregard is more formal than ignore: · Many cyclists ignore the law and ride around at night without lights.· I tell her to come home by 10 o'clock, but she just ignores me.· Marlow sometimes disregards the law, but his aim is always justice.· By disregarding speed limits and passing red lights, we somehow got to the airport in time. ► contravene formal to break a particular written law, rule, or agreement: · The sale of untreated milk may contravene public health regulations.· If a licence holder contravenes any of these conditions, their licence will be withdrawn. ► flout : flout a rule/law etc to deliberately break a law or a rule, especially because you think it is unnecessary or stupid: · Many bar owners flout the laws on under-age drinking.· Thousands of people are killed on our roads every year, yet a majority of us insist on flouting speed limits. illegal► illegal forbidden by law: · Scott was arrested for being in possession of illegal drugs.· In those days, abortion was illegal.· Large numbers of illegal immigrants crossed the border at night.it is illegal (for somebody) to do something: · It is illegal to sell tobacco to children under 16.· Since 1990, it has been illegal for the US to develop or possess biological weapons.make something illegal: · Gorbachev wanted to make all strikes illegal, but the Soviet parliament refused to accept such a ban. ► be against the law to be illegal: · Driving a car without insurance is against the law.it is against the law (for somebody) to do something: · In Britain, it's against the law to own a gun without having a licence.· Nowadays it is against the law for a teacher to hit a child in any circumstances. ► be a crime if something is a crime it is illegal and you can be punished for it: · Violence in the home is a crime, just as much as violence from a stranger.it is a crime (for somebody) to do something: · It should not be a crime for people to criticize their own government. ► unlawful illegal - use this especially about something that could be legal if the situation in which it was done was different: · The court ruled that the raid had been unlawful.· unlawful employment practicesunlawful arrest/killing/imprisonment etc (=the illegal arrest, killing etc of someone): · Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest is entitled to compensation. ► criminal : criminal activities/behaviour/offence etc activities, behaviour etc that can be severely punished by law: · Cruelty to animals is a criminal offence.· It was estimated that Walker had made around £100,000 from his criminal activities. ► illicit illicit activities or goods are illegal and usually kept secret: · Illicit diamond exports are said to be worth over $200 million.· Marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. ► be against the rules if a type of behaviour or an activity is against the rules , it is not allowed by the rules of an organization, game etc: · Smoking in the school building is strictly against the rules.it's against the rules to do something: · It's against the rules to touch the ball with your hand. when something is true about most situations, people, or events► in general/generally/in most cases use this to say that something is usually true: · Women generally live longer than men.· In general, jobs for temporary workers are low-paid.· In general, students who get regular exercise do better in school.· Inner-city schools generally achieved lower exam grades than other schools.· Car theft is an increasingly common crime, and in most cases the offender is under 18. ► generally speaking/as a rule especially spoken use this to introduce a statement about what usually happens or is true: · Generally speaking, bright colors make people feel happier.· As a rule, French wines are more expensive than those from Eastern Europe. ► mostly use this to say that something is true about most people, things, or occasions: · I drink sugar-free colas, mostly.· The students here are mostly Swiss and German, but sometimes we get a few Japanese, too.· He mostly writes novels, but he's published a book of poetry too. ► most of the time especially spoken use this to say that something usually happens: · Our two-year-old is happy most of the time, but he wakes up from his naps in an awful mood.· Most of the time people vote for the party that offers them financial advantages. ► on the whole/by and large use this to say that something is true most of the time but not every time: · By and large, print is easier to read than handwriting.· The candidates that the party selected tended, on the whole, to be middle-aged, male, and white.· Despite their age, the paintings are, on the whole, in very good condition. ► for the most part especially written use this to say that something is true in most cases: · The cell chemistry of these insects is, for the most part, poorly understood.· Ethnic minorities have struggled to retain their cultural identity, and have for the most part succeeded. ► tend if something tends to happen, it usually happens or is true, but not always: tend to happen/do something: · Young children tend to get sick more often than adults.· What tends to happen is that the poorest families end up in the worst housing.tend to be somebody who/that: · It tends to be the brighter kids who get all the teacher's attention. ways of saying that something usually happens► usually/generally · I don't know where Jack is - he's usually home by this time.· Wolves usually hunt in packs.· What's come over Jim? He isn't usually this grumpy.· The sea here is generally calm.· Generally, these small stores do not keep fresh meat or vegetables.· We're generally finished by about 4:30. ► normally on most occasions, unless something unusual happens: · The museum isn't normally as crowded as this.· His normally cheerful face looked sad for a moment. ► as a (general) rule use this to say what usually happens: · As a general rule, the police may only enter your house if you invite them in.· We do not, as a rule, provide funds for this type of project. ► nine times out of ten almost always: · Nine times out of ten I just skip breakfast and have a coffee.· Nine times out of ten, jobs that become vacant are filled from inside the organization. ► routinely if something is routinely done, tested, checked etc, it is usually done as part of the normal process of working, doing a job etc: · The cars are routinely tested for safety and reliability before leaving the factory.· We routinely test patients for high blood pressure and diabetes.· It later emerged that prisoners at the camp were routinely tortured, and many executed. ► typically in the way that a particular type of thing usually happens, for example what type of person is usually involved, what group something usually affects etc: · Victims of mugging are typically young men in their early 20s.· This disease typically affects young cattle.· Typically, gasoline taxes are used to fund road-building programs. WORD SETS► Grammar abbr., abbreviate, verbabbreviation, nounabstract noun, nounaccusative, nounactive, adjectiveadj., adjective, nounadv., adverb, nounadverbial, adjectiveaffix, nounantecedent, nounapposition, nounarticle, nounaspect, nounattributive, adjectiveaux., auxiliary, nounauxiliary verb, nouncase, nouncausal, adjectiveclause, nouncollective noun, nouncommon noun, nouncomparative, adjectivecomparison, nouncomplement, nouncomplex, adjectivecompound, nounconcord, nounconcrete noun, nounconditional, adjectiveconditional, nounconj., conjugate, verbconjugation, nounconjunction, nounconnective, nounconstruction, nouncontinuous, adjectivecontraction, nouncoordinate, adjectivecoordinating conjunction, nouncopula, nouncountable, adjectivecount noun, noundative, noundeclension, noundefinite article, noundemonstrative, adjectivedemonstrative pronoun, noundependent clause, noundeterminer, noundirect discourse, noundirect object, noundirect speech, noundisjunctive, adjectiveditransitive, adjectivedouble negative, noun-ed, suffixending, noun-est, suffix-eth, suffixfeminine, adjectivefinite, adjectiveform, nounfunction word, nounfuture, adjectivegender, noungenitive, noungerund, noungradable, adjectivegrammar, noungrammarian, noungrammatical, adjectivehistoric present, nounhomonym, nounhomophone, nounimperative, adjectiveimperative, nounimpersonal, adjectiveindefinite article, nounindependent clause, nounindicative, nounindicative, adjectiveindirect discourse, nounindirect object, nounindirect speech, nouninfinitive, nouninflect, verbinflected, adjectiveinflection, noun-ing, suffixintensifier, nouninterjection, nouninterrogative, adjectiveinterrogative, nounintransitive, adjectivelinking verb, nounmain clause, nounmasculine, adjectivemodal, nounmodal auxiliary, nounmodal verb, nounmodifier, nounmodify, verbmood, nounn., neuter, adjectivenominal, adjectivenominative, nounnon-finite, adjectivenon-restrictive, adjectivenoun, nounnumber, nounobject, nounparse, verbparticipial, adjectiveparticiple, nounparticle, nounpartitive, nounpart of speech, nounpassive, adjectivepassivize, verbpast, adjectivepast participle, nounpast perfect, nounperfect participle, nounperiphrasis, nounpersonal pronoun, nounphrasal verb, nounphrase, nounpl., plural, nounplural, adjectiveplurality, nounpossessive, adjectivepossessive, nounpredeterminer, nounpredicate, nounpredicative, adjectiveprefix, nounprefix, verbprep., preposition, nounprepositional phrase, nounpres., present participle, nounprogressive, adjectivepronominal, adjectivepronoun, nounproper noun, nounpunctuate, verbpunctuation, nounqualifier, nounquantifier, nounquestion tag, nounreflexive, adjectiveregular, adjectiverelative clause, nounrelative pronoun, nounreported speech, nounrestrictive clause, nounroot, nounrule, nounrun-on sentence, nounsecond person, nounsemicolon, nounsentence, nounsentence adverb, nounsingular, adjectivesolecism, nounsplit infinitive, nounstative, adjectivestem, nounsubject, nounsubjective, adjectivesubjunctive, nounsubordinate clause, nounsubstantive, nounsuffix, nounsuperlative, adjectivesyntactic, adjectivesyntax, nountag, nountense, nountransitive, adjectiveuncountable, adjectivev., variant, nounverb, nounverbal, adjectivevocative, noun Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYverbs► break a rule (also violate a rule formal) (=not obey it)· He had clearly broken the official rules.· Any one who violates this rule will be severely punished. ► obey/follow a rule · She wasn’t going to obey their silly rules. ► comply with/abide by/observe a rule formal (=obey it)· All members must comply with the rules of the organization.· There is little that one country can do if another fails to abide by the rules.· We expect you to observe the general rules of conduct as set out below. ► stick to/go by the rules informal (=obey them)· We all have to stick to the rules. ► make the rules · I’m only an assistant manager – I don’t make the rules. ► the rule says ... · The rule says that you must be standing inside the line. ► the rule stipulates that ... formal (=it says that something must be done)· The rules stipulate that clubs must field the strongest team available. ► the rule prohibits/forbids something · The rule forbids women from becoming members of the club. ► the rule requires (that) ... formal (=it says that people must do something)· School rules required all girls to tie back their hair. ► the rule applies to somebody/something (=it concerns them)· Everyone thinks that the rule doesn’t apply to them. ► play by the rules (=do what is expected and agreed)· The system works well enough — as long as everyone plays by the rules. ► bend/stretch the rules (=allow someone to do something that is not normally allowed)· They bend the rules to suit themselves. ► relax the rules (=make them less strict)· Britain relaxed its immigration rules. ► tighten (up) the rules (=make them stricter)· The EU has tightened the rules on the quality of drinking water. ► enforce a rule (=make sure that it is obeyed)· The planning office does not always enforce its own rules. ► flout a rule (=break it, without trying to hide what you are doing)· The party continues to flout its own rules. ► be bound by rules (=have to obey them)· Solicitors are bound by strict rules that regulate their professional conduct. ADJECTIVES/NOUN + rule► strict · They have very strict rules about gambling. ► simple · The rules of the game are quite simple. ► petty (=unreasonable rules about unimportant things)· There are hundreds of petty rules. ► a school/prison/club etc rule · He had broken one of the school rules. ► an unwritten rule (=a rule of behaviour that everyone in a group understands)· There’s an unwritten rule that you never call an actor before 10 a.m. ► health and safety rules · You should follow any health and safety rules which apply to your workplace. phrases► be against the rules (=not be allowed)· It was against the rules to talk in class. ► the rules concerning/governing/relating to something formal (=the rules about something)· the rules governing food labeling ► a change in the rules · I didn’t realise that there had been a change in the rules. ► a breach of the rules formal (=something that is against the rules)· a serious breach of the rules ► rules and regulations · The government keeps introducing more and more rules and regulations. ► rules are rules spoken (=a rule must be obeyed)· Rules are rules and you have to abide by them. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► adhered ... to ... rules  I have adhered strictly to the rules. ► basic rules · Most people nowadays are aware of some of the basic rules of healthy living. ► cardinal rules  Having clean hands is one of the cardinal rules when preparing food. ► the ruling class (=the people in power)· For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class. ► the ruling/governing coalition · The March elections may weaken the ruling coalition. ► colonial rule  the struggle against colonial rule ► common-law rules/courts/rights etc ► the rules of a competition · Make sure you understand the rules of the competition. ► rules/standards of conduct · In war, there are established rules of conduct. ► rules and conventions · Rules and conventions permeate the whole of social life. ► rule a country (=have complete control of a country)· For a long time the country was ruled by military dictators. ► a court ruling (=an official decision)· The company appealed against the court ruling. ► a court rules/orders/holds something · The court ruled that the penalty was not excessive. ► laws/rules dictate something · Federal laws dictate how land can be used. ► ruling elite  a struggle for power within the ruling elite ► enforce a rule/regulation · The rules are strictly enforced. ► be the exception to the rule (also be the exception that proves the rule) (=be different to most other people or things)· Most of the boys were quite shy, but Larry was the exception to the rule. ► be the exception, not the rule (=used to emphasize that something is unusual)· Staying married for life seems to be the exception, not the rule these days. ► ruled out foul play  Detectives have not ruled out foul play. ► the rules of the game · It's against the rules of the game to pick up the ball. ► as a general rule  I hate paperwork as a general rule. ► lay down/establish ground rules for something  Our book lays down the ground rules for building a patio successfully. ► hard-and-fast rules  It is impossible to give hard-and-fast rules, but here are some points to consider. ► somebody’s heart rules their head (=someone makes decisions based on emotions rather than careful thought)· He has never been one to let his heart rule his head. ► a king rules/reigns (=is in charge of a country)· How could a Christian king rule if he was banned from the Church? ► maze of rules/regulations etc  a maze of new laws ► mob rule  The leadership had been criticized for giving in to mob rule (=when a mob controls the situation rather than the government or the law). ► obey the law/rules · She’s the sort of person who always obeys the rules. ► the ruling party (=the party in power)· The ruling party’s level of support grew throughout the year. ► rule out/exclude a possibility (=say that something will definitely not happen or is definitely not true)· We can't rule out the possibility that there will be more redundancies. ► a queen rules/reigns (=is in charge of a country)· Queen Victoria reigned for over 60 years. ► rules and regulations · We must reduce the number of rules and regulations. ► relax rules/regulations/controls  Hughes believes that immigration controls should not be relaxed. ► reverse a decision/ruling · The Supreme Court reversed the decision. ► stretch the rules  This once, I’ll stretch the rules and let you leave work early. ► strict rules/regulations/guidelines · There are strict rules and regulations regarding conduct. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE► basic · The basic rules of self-defence are quite simple: keep your eyes open and you can usually avoid trouble.· Shelter from the storm was a basic rule of humanity and yet not to be misunderstood as an invitation.· The basic branching rule is very simple.· The basic rules are First-in-First-Out and When-in-Doubt-Throw-It-Out.· Society lays down the basic rules of the marriage contract.· I know there are exceptions to this basic rule.· Returning to Community legislation, the founding treaties lay down certain basic rules on the publication and commencement of such texts.· These few basic rules can make your group maximally helpful:-Meet regularly at a mutually acceptable time and place. ► colonial · Critics say that Cable & Wireless never adjusted to the loss of its traditional dominance in Hong Kong under colonial rule.· His Mirror Group papers were non-partisan, but they were, equally, not identified with colonial rule.· The act of representing peoples under direct colonial rule or as disadvantaged economic partners of the west is therefore also political.· During seventy years of colonial rule, no university had been established.· What were the social and economic consequences of the imposition of colonial rule?· During colonial rule the people and the leaders had struggled together as one. ► communist · In his broadcast on Saturday Mr Yeltsin said he had been forced to act to prevent the restoration of Communist rule.· Even though Communist rule is 11 months away, Zunzi is paying the price for his brashness.· Their country suffered years of economic stagnation and mismanagement under Communist rule.· But they also engaged in blood feuds, which were outlawed under Communist rule.· From its balcony, in 1948, Gottwald declared the introduction of Communist rule. ► direct · The decision to impose direct rule followed the expiry of Governor's rule at midnight on July 18.· By midnight, there was no indication that Milosevic had imposed direct rule in the capital.· The act of representing peoples under direct colonial rule or as disadvantaged economic partners of the west is therefore also political.· Basically their socioeconomic structure thus remains as it was under direct imperialist rule.· For example this happened in 1972 when the Westminster Parliament reimposed direct rule in Northern Ireland.· In March 1972, the Stormont parliament and executive were abolished and direct rule was applied.· The path least likely to cause trouble appears to be the continuation of direct rule from Westminster.· Introducing direct rule had been easy enough; ending it was a problem. ► fast · As long as you are comfortable, there are no hard and fast rules about clothing.· However, this is not a hard and fast rule and there are numerous exceptions.· The official departmental view is that no case is exactly like another, and hard and fast rules can not be applied.· There are no hard and fast rules.· There is no hard and fast rule: once again, the test is that of ordinary readers.· But there are no hard and fast rules about the physique of a racing cyclist.· It's difficult to give a hard and fast rule. ► general · Pay first and object later is the general rule.· Exacerbations and remissions of the pain are the general rule.· But as a general rule it can happen at any age and time.· As a general rule, algae are considered weeds in the aquarium as their growth can not be easily regulated.· The double bassoon should only be used, as a general rule, in fully scored passages.· As a general rule, though, the good ones end up in law school.· There are exceptions to this general rule, however.· This general rule should solve most of the problems raised by this subject-matter. ► golden · So here are a few golden rules to follow ... just in case the sun keeps shining.· They discovered and applied the golden rule of leading change: Do unto yourself what you would have others do unto themselves.· The first, golden rule is that children do not learn at an even pace.· In terms of the golden rule of change, it caused them to do unto themselves what they wanted others to do.· Aspiring rock artists should remember one golden rule when dealing with the press: there are no rules.· So, the two golden rules when buying are to go for quality and buy the largest you can afford.· Remember the golden rule of legal PR-keep the client in the picture.· There are two golden rules about school fees planning. ► hard · The official departmental view is that no case is exactly like another, and hard and fast rules can not be applied.· However, this is not a hard and fast rule and there are numerous exceptions.· There is no hard and fast rule: once again, the test is that of ordinary readers.· There are no hard and fast rules.· But there are no hard and fast rules about the physique of a racing cyclist.· It's difficult to give a hard and fast rule. ► legal · Equally, any proposed remedies must be addressed more to administrative and procedural practice than to changing formal legal rules.· Its importance in enabling people to use lawyers to guide them through the baffling maze of legal rules is self-evident.· Everywhere else it is used in the sense of legal rules embodied in one document.· His decision to aid the individual is determined by a set of social or legal rules.· Do you therefore automatically break this legal rule?· Nevertheless, the topic is undeniably an important one and it is worth sketching in the legal rules.· There is not one particular legal rule for each situation which arises or may arise. ► military · The exiled monarch had also called for an immediate end to military rule.· There was to be no pause for reflection, nor - much less - for a changeover from military to civilian rule.· It also removed many of the restrictions imposed during the period of military rule between 1964 and 1985.· Existing political parties were banned, and a period of military rule followed.· The end of military rule in 1999 was cause for fresh optimism.· They advocated an immediate end to military rule and the holding of a national conference of all political forces.· After a period of military rule from March 1967 to April 1968 a republican Constitution was adopted in April 1971.· Weekend celebrations to mark the end of military rule had led to violent clashes between police and demonstrators. ► new · She was not able to say whether anyone with past convictions had passed the selection process under the new rules.· Once the dinner behavior is under control, it is time to carry the new rules to new situations.· He tried to escape the cross-fire by getting the two offices separated but could not get the new rules approved.· A new rule was adopted by commissioners that would allow them to set a shotgun-only turkey season.· That triggered a rush of new rules -- more than 1, 100 in two weeks -- to beat the 1995 deadline.· This would be a system of adhoc law which would suggest that each novel situation warrants the creation of a new rule.· Bankinter has chosen not to take advantage of the new rules and continues to mark its bond portfolio to market prices. ► simple · Business development professionals often rely on simple rules of thumb to sort potential relationships and weed out unlikely partners.· Practice these simple rules: Keep cold food cold.· It is a set of simple rules - a program or algorithm - that tells the developing organism what to do next.· And can not follow simple rules.· Here are some simple rules for managing paper: 1.· Martha discovered that a few simple rules about her home office are helping to maintain this porous and transparent border.· Mendel started a science that still rests upon his simple rules.· To create absorbing questions, remember to follow these three simple rules: a. Answer the question immediately. ► strict · But one strict rule they had; oh yes, the strictest.· Back then, he said, most Orthodox Christians still adhered to strict fasting rules during the 40 days before Pasak.· At the same time, the protectorate's authorities want to maintain high standards of financial propriety with strict rules.· Children were routinely beaten for insignificant violations of strict company rules.· He says we have strict rules and regulations and the flying safety committee make sure they're administered.· They cling to their religion, its strict kosher rules and ancient rites of worship.· Within the society that Jane Austen features there are many strict rules.· The librarians have very strict rules. ► unwritten · Certain unwritten rules may apply with regard to hospitality.· Although people management is not a science, it has a system of unwritten rules and logic.· Norms can be thought of as unwritten rules.· By an unwritten rule, they avoided controversy for the sake of good fellowship.· Without unwritten rules civilised life would be impossible.· But managers know the unwritten rules when they enter the business.· There are a number of unwritten rules or axioms which perhaps need to be questioned.· There is an unwritten rule in their crowd. NOUN► ground · Once you realize this you can start treating it like any other interview, and apply the same ground rules.· The strategic support group ground rules were all they needed to get started.· There are no ground rules for knowing how to handle these semi-permanent relationships in the context of the larger family circle.· As long as the ground rules were properly observed, Gutfreund gave it right back.· Certain commonsense ground rules should be mentioned - discussing marital and financial problems with children, for example, is not advisable.· Some ground rules for the Cold War, of spirit if not of substance, were needed.· They are largely caused by a lack of knowledge or understanding in chambers where no ground rules are laid down.· The owners set the ground rules, then they find all the loopholes to enable them to move players anyway. ► home · Politically he was a radical, keenly interested in free trade and home rule.· In 1878, Congress abolished what remained of home rule and took over the District.· In Parliament he was a determined opponent of home rule.· During the home rule crisis in 1885, Harland made secret preparations to withdraw to mainland Britain if the situation became intolerable.· If the former, then they have to accept that different unions are possible, devolved, home rule, federal.· He was mayor of Belfast in 1885-7 and helped co-ordinate the campaign against the home rule bill. ► majority · Is majority rule under a system of parliamentary democracy a sufficient guarantee of legitimacy?· In the case of spending and tax legislation, majority rule is thus further weakened.· Many reject democracy in terms of party competition, majority rule and the rule of law.· Those who peopled them have either been driven out in a bloody liberation war or yielded their political supremacy to majority rule.· In these weeks, I have had the chance to listen to Joshua Nkomo calling for majority rule now.· Two working conclusions follow from this, namely, toleration and the qualification of majority rule.· The majority leadership's specialty became mounting filibusters or using other delaying tactics to prevent majority rule. VERB► apply · I must apply the same rules to those on the Front Benches as to those on the Back Benches.· They discovered and applied the golden rule of leading change: Do unto yourself what you would have others do unto themselves.· Alternatively, an independent trustee may be appointed to apply the trust rules negotiated by the parties.· Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule.· And for the pleasure of it I apply my rule to the urban world of glut.· Chapter 8 analyses the essential elements of an expert clause, applying the rules of contract law.· In applying these general rules, the courts look at each individual case in light of whatever state statute may apply. ► bend · Only a zombie would risk a child's health by refusing to bend a rule.· The state government was willing to bend the rules where necessary to stop penalizing employers for creating jobs.· The willingness to bend the rules to authorize a major invasion of civil liberties contrasts sharply with the Spycatcher case.· These are urgent issues because the few charities that bend or break the rules put the law-abiding majority at a disadvantage.· However, it may yet be tempted to bend the rules to admit the two newcomers.· This bending of the rules was typical of Rabari thrift and good sense.· The advice on bending the rules came from the then Defence Minister, Alan Clark.· It can be done, if you, or your travel agent, are willing to bend airline rules. ► break · Minton, meanwhile, became more and more extrovert and seemed determined to break all the rules.· Bill Clinton has broken the rule against electing the weepy.· It claims that Milosevic is poised to break the rules that he has himself defined.· These are urgent issues because the few charities that bend or break the rules put the law-abiding majority at a disadvantage.· Sure he breaks rules but he gets results.· I did break the rules and go over and cuddle her in her cot, but not pick her up out of it.· We are forbidden to ride the Cyclone, though I break the rule, and ride it, but rarely. ► change · Equally, any proposed remedies must be addressed more to administrative and procedural practice than to changing formal legal rules.· All of these actions say clearly that the rules have changed.· Will the Department change that rule?· A simple act, maybe, but it changed the rules of engagement for ever.· Lord Justice Ralph Gibson said arguments put forward had spelled out a powerful case for changing the rule.· Get a free hand to change work rules.· They wished to change the rules and require the politically committed members to contract in.· Every new card can change the rules for the whole game. ► comply · Students failing to comply with the rules will be subject to the provisions of Ordinance 1985/7, Students Discipline.· Several other major oil companies have already taken large write-downs to comply with the new rule.· Parents must comply with the stringent rules for vehicular access, which are explained in a Headmaster's letter.· Louis Post-Dispatch have concluded that the transaction largely complied with House rules and was within tax law.· We have a certificate to run the race and we do comply with all the rules and regulations.· He is held personally responsible for complying with the many rules and regulations that govern its use.· In particular, the transaction seemed to comply with strict rules dictating the type of assets that banks could hold.· At the moment the offer is being considered by the Office of Fair Trading to see whether it complies with competition rules. ► establish · Many families experience the problems of squabbles between siblings and learn to establish rules for mediating a problem.· It has failed to establish the rule of law, allowing gangsters and militants to intimidate at will.· This was supposed to be her final victory over him, supposed to establish her rule once and for all.· Ground rules Always establish good ground rules at the beginning of each session.· The 18-year-old king moved quickly to establish rule under his personal control.· The World Trade Organisation establishes rules governing trade, why can't we have something similar for finance?· Government is important because it can and should establish and enforce rules of conduct and protect property rights. ► follow · And hence we can not check on whether we are following the rule by recalling the original sensation.· Menendez surrounded the Huguenots and carried on a charade following Old World rules.· Although those great animals have gone, they followed the same rules of instinct and habit as did their descendants.· Generally, follow these rules: Letters and memos: List the main points for the entire document.· Committees are formal and follow rules of procedure.· To find your soft spots, read the following rules and determine which ones you consistently break.· So they're asking musicians to follow a few simple rules, as Ken Goodwin has been finding out.· Do remember to praise him, however, when he follows the rule. ► lay · He could order her about and lay down any rule he thought of.· It is hard to lay down rules about this ahead of time.· Society lays down the basic rules of the marriage contract.· It lays out constitutional rules on secrecy that any White House could claim.· He seemed to lay down rules and regulations.· This means organizations must continue to set norms and create a corporate culture but not lay down rigid rules.· Returning to Community legislation, the founding treaties lay down certain basic rules on the publication and commencement of such texts. ► obey · The first is to create a new bureaucracy to make sure that insurers obey the rules.· The vast majority of Macintosh programs obey the rules and, therefore, allow information to be passed between them.· Perdita thought that not obeying rules was somehow cool.· Maxims, proverbs, and other forms of folk wisdom give a person reasons for obeying rules.· If the message Not a valid filename appears, your filename does not obey the rules.· But this time it would be different, this time she was not going to obey any silly rules.· It is not to be expected that each sentence written will obey grammar rules.· This filename should obey the following rules. ► observe · You should still observe the general rules for stairs.· We observe the international rules of warfare in this head.· She wanted to touch him, but continued to observe the rules that kept them apart during office hours.· I sat down and talked with him a couple of times, obviously being very careful to observe all the rules.· Similarly, a requirement that the expert observe the rules of natural justice could be made a contractual obligation.· I myself always observed this rule.· Guests reclined on couches, observing strict rules as to their positions.· Members of the Commission qua members of the Commission had to observe the rules in performance of the treaty. ► play · They were all playing by the same rules.· No significant playing rules changes are in the works.· The politicians had trapped him into a game played by their rules.· Most of us are still playing under the old rules.· Bernie said my sciatica would play me up and rule me out.· All games to be played according to pre-arranged rules.· Economies of organizational structure is a new game, though, played by new rules. ► prove · But he was the exception that proved the rule.· The two exceptions prove the rule.· Or could you prove the rules of logic without using the rules to do so?· But such successes were rare: they are the exceptions that prove the rule.· This is the exception to prove the rule.· So much for the exceptions; now to prove the rule.· Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet Union had once seemed the enlightened exception, but now only proves the bloody rule.· That way they could be exceptions that prove the rule rather than embarrass it. ► relax · However, the board will not relax the rule requiring any product called tequila to contain 51 % agave.· Postponement, says Kohl, is unacceptable, but so is relaxing the rules of entry.· Last September the Government relaxed rules on foreign workers coming to Britain to combat skills shortages.· The judicial antipathy to relaxing the rule has been far from uniform.· The following month the government relaxed its rules on censorship.· Mr. Lester submitted that the time has come to relax the rule to the extent which I have mentioned. ► set · Only in one major area, capital, has Parliament or central government set detailed rules reducing this freedom.· By setting the rules, governments can structure the marketplace so it meets public needs.· If marriage is to do all the things that society demands of it, then the state must set some rules.· The owners set the ground rules, then they find all the loopholes to enable them to move players anyway.· It requires member states to set rules on mandatory bids, providing information to shareholders and treating them equally.· After six years in power, Park was becoming more repressive and had his sights set on long-term rule.· This is because his opponents in Congress set the rules and can change them whenever they want.· He was constantly setting out rules for Kyle, only to see Kyle ignore or defy them. ► violate · They say they simply believe that Aldrich violated the rules by not obtaining full clearance for his manuscript.· The ordinance, passed unanimously Tuesday, makes it either a misdemeanor or infraction to violate a park safety rule.· A student-run committee decides if fellow mids are guilty of lying or of violating other honor rules.· So I guess the very nature of Magoo violates that rule.· Doctors and insurance companies faced federal fines and prison time for violating the rules.· The consequences of violating this rule had always been unhappy in the long run and not infrequently in the short.· The rule she violated is a dumb rule.· Wirk and her husband once paid $ 1, 500 each for violating the no-smoking rule. Phrases PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► rule of thumb You should tip bellmen $1- $2 per bag, as a rule of thumb. A good rule of thumb is to think of 30k as around the upper limit for a page. As a rule of thumb, funds with durations of one to three years are relatively conservative. Business development professionals often rely on simple rules of thumb to sort potential relationships and weed out unlikely partners. In general, the rule of thumb was that one's peers were seconded to perform the role. It was a place, Wade came to understand, where lost was a rule of thumb. Journalists have a rule of thumb: the more a person knows, the more that person can learn. The rule of thumb no longer mattered. When constructing a footpath we follow rules of thumb. ► make it a rule (to do something) I make it a rule not to take friends on as clients. I make it a rule to go at least three times. In fact, he made it a rule never to make any friend who could not be useful to him. Since I have made it a rule not to lie to a client, I assume reciprocal honesty from him. They made it a rule that she was never to be alone. ► the rule of law However, we are not that much nearer to a world order dominated by a fair application of the rule of law. In putting this case we should first recollect the third pillar in Dicey's concept of the rule of law. No one can read the Pentateuch and conclude that justice is just concerned with private property and the rule of law. This extradition is a victory for all who believe in the rule of law. Violent picketing also threatened the rule of law. We have to follow the rule of law. ► the rules of natural justice A corollary of this view was that the content of the rules of natural justice could be relatively fired and certain. An obvious example would be if it reached a decision in flagrant breach of the rules of natural justice. If he perceives that there is a likelihood of bias, the rules of natural justice have been broken. 2. Lord Denning restricted the full application of the rules of natural justice on the ground of national security. Similarly, a requirement that the expert observe the rules of natural justice could be made a contractual obligation. The injunction is important in public law in the context of the rules of natural justice. When do the rules of natural justice apply? PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► blanket statement/rule/ban etc Cine Blitz International publisher Rajesh Mehra attacked the blanket ban. His support for a 15-month blanket ban on strikes suggests that he is still not wholly aware of this fact. One of the most urgent measures is a blanket ban on all animal and bone meal in animal feed. The ban is a blanket ban covering all marches or all marches of a particular class such as political marches. The existing blacklist of substances not to be dumped at sea would be superseded by the blanket ban. The idea behind this imposition of blanket bans was to prevent the temptation to discriminate against particular marches. The state bar would prefer to set a blanket rule governing all types of lawyers. They already had been instructed to avoid Simpson coverage, but Fujisaki expanded his order to a blanket ban on all news. ► divide and rule/conquer Britain did not divide and rule. He preferred to divide and rule. Here too the Party could fend off opposition by a policy of divide and rule. Power to appoint is power to divide and rule. That if you play the game of divide and rule long enough then you end up with Sister Souljah? The well-tried Roman policy of divide and rule had been the basis of Augustan diplomacy and continued during the conquest. They haven't shown the political will to sort out the problem - there has been an element of divide and rule. ► somebody/something is the exception that proves the rule Most people our age have finished school, and Mike is the exception that proves the rule. ► hand down a decision/ruling/sentence etc Just a few months earlier, the Supreme Court had handed down a decision inviting states to pass abortion restrictions. She is expected soon to hand down a ruling. The commission will seek to arbitrate a resolution before handing down a decision in late summer. ► stay an order/ruling/execution etc Rivals got a stay order from the courts, though after a backroom deal in mid-March the government got its way. ► stick to the rules Everyone in the party has a responsibility to stick to the rules agreed by the party conference. Failure to stick to the safety rules could result in disaster. I'd stuck to the rules arid nothing had happened. It was all right if she was hours late, but Henry had to stick to the rules. That government said at the summit it was sticking to the rules, and then suggested afterward it would not not. ► be a stickler for detail/rules/accuracy etc With his personal guests who were important to him or his state, Kim was a stickler for detail. ► be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc► work to rule Plants work to rules rather different from those of animals. Video-Tape, no voice over ARNCOTT/Oxfordshire Prison officers at Bullingdon prison near Bicester began their work to rule last night. Word family WORD FAMILYnounrulerulerrulingunrulinessadjectiverulingunrulyruledverbruleoverrule 1about what is allowed [countable] an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed, especially in a game, organization, or jobrule of the rules of the gameunder the rules/according to the rules Under the rules, the company must publish its annual accounts.2about what you should do [countable] what you should do in a particular situation, or a statement about this:  There are no hard and fast rules (=clear and definite rules) about what to wear to classes.rule of There are two basic rules of survival. The rule is: if you feel any pain you should stop exercising immediately.3normal/usual [singular] something that is normal or usually trueas a (general) rule As a general rule most students finish their coursework by the end of May. Early marriage used to be the rule in that part of the world. A series of payments used to be the exception rather than the rule. Unfortunately there is an exception to every rule.4government [uncountable] the government of a country or area by a particular group of people or using a particular systemunder ... rule people living under communist rule the end of colonial rule a period of military rule direct rule from Westminster the restoration of majority rule (=government by the party that most people have voted for) to Northern Ireland5in grammar/science etc [countable] a statement about what is usually allowed in a particular system, such as the grammar of a language, or a sciencerule of the rules of English punctuation6the rule of law a situation in which the laws of a country are obeyed:  We are here to uphold the rule of law.7the rules of natural justice what people believe to be right and fair:  The governor failed to observe the rules of natural justice.8rule of thumb a rough figure or method of calculation, based on practical experience:  As a general rule of thumb, children this age should not spend more than one hour on homework.9make it a rule (to do something) to try to make sure that you always do something:  I make it a rule never to mix business with pleasure.10for measuring [countable] old-fashioned a ruler → golden rule, ground rules, home rule, slide rule, → work to rule at work1(32)COLLOCATIONSverbsbreak a rule (also violate a rule formal) (=not obey it)· He had clearly broken the official rules.· Any one who violates this rule will be severely punished.obey/follow a rule· She wasn’t going to obey their silly rules.comply with/abide by/observe a rule formal (=obey it)· All members must comply with the rules of the organization.· There is little that one country can do if another fails to abide by the rules.· We expect you to observe the general rules of conduct as set out below.stick to/go by the rules informal (=obey them)· We all have to stick to the rules.make the rules· I’m only an assistant manager – I don’t make the rules.the rule says ...· The rule says that you must be standing inside the line.the rule stipulates that ... formal (=it says that something must be done)· The rules stipulate that clubs must field the strongest team available.the rule prohibits/forbids something· The rule forbids women from becoming members of the club.the rule requires (that) ... formal (=it says that people must do something)· School rules required all girls to tie back their hair.the rule applies to somebody/something (=it concerns them)· Everyone thinks that the rule doesn’t apply to them.play by the rules (=do what is expected and agreed)· The system works well enough — as long as everyone plays by the rules.bend/stretch the rules (=allow someone to do something that is not normally allowed)· They bend the rules to suit themselves.relax the rules (=make them less strict)· Britain relaxed its immigration rules.tighten (up) the rules (=make them stricter)· The EU has tightened the rules on the quality of drinking water.enforce a rule (=make sure that it is obeyed)· The planning office does not always enforce its own rules.flout a rule (=break it, without trying to hide what you are doing)· The party continues to flout its own rules.be bound by rules (=have to obey them)· Solicitors are bound by strict rules that regulate their professional conduct.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + rulestrict· They have very strict rules about gambling.simple· The rules of the game are quite simple.petty (=unreasonable rules about unimportant things)· There are hundreds of petty rules.a school/prison/club etc rule· He had broken one of the school rules.an unwritten rule (=a rule of behaviour that everyone in a group understands)· There’s an unwritten rule that you never call an actor before 10 a.m.health and safety rules· You should follow any health and safety rules which apply to your workplace.phrasesbe against the rules (=not be allowed)· It was against the rules to talk in class.the rules concerning/governing/relating to something formal (=the rules about something)· the rules governing food labelinga change in the rules· I didn’t realise that there had been a change in the rules.a breach of the rules formal (=something that is against the rules)· a serious breach of the rulesrules and regulations· The government keeps introducing more and more rules and regulations.rules are rules spoken (=a rule must be obeyed)· Rules are rules and you have to abide by them.THESAURUSrule an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company: · the rules of baseball· He disobeyed the school rules.law an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey: · It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon.· The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.regulation an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization: · the regulations for applying for a passport· building regulations· environmental regulations on air pollutionrestriction an official rule that limits what people can do: · new restrictions on immigration· The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country.guidelines rules or instructions about the best way to do something: · the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet· guidelines for classroom teacherscode a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: · The school has a dress code for its students.· the company’s code of conductstatute formal a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down: · The statute banned corporal punishment.ordinance American English a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: · A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour. rule1 nounrule2 verb rulerule2 ●●● W2 verb Entry menu MENU FOR rulerule1 government2 control/influence3 court/law4 rule the roost5 rule somebody/something with a rod of iron6 somebody/something rules7 draw a linePhrasal verbsrule something/somebody out Verb Table VERB TABLE rule Simple Form Present I, you, we, they rule he, she, it rules Past I, you, he, she, it, we, they ruled Present perfect I, you, we, they have ruled he, she, it has ruled Past perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they had ruled Future I, you, he, she, it, we, they will rule Future perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they will have ruled Continuous Form Present I am ruling he, she, it is ruling you, we, they are ruling Past I, he, she, it was ruling you, we, they were ruling Present perfect I, you, we, they have been ruling he, she, it has been ruling Past perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they had been ruling Future I, you, he, she, it, we, they will be ruling Future perfect I, you, he, she, it, we, they will have been ruling Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES Ashley's life was ruled by her addiction to drugs. At that time, Persia was divided into several provinces, ruled by local khans. He ruled three lines under the title of his essay. Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. In 1860, Italy was a collection of small states ruled by princes and dukes. India was ruled by the British for a very long time. Marcos ruled the Philippines for 20 years. Mary, Queen of Scots, only ruled for six years. Motamid had died, leaving his son Mostain to rule over Saragossa. Paper ruled into one-inch squares is used to practice writing Chinese characters. She divided the page into four by ruling two diagonal lines across it. Spain ruled over Portugal from 1580 to 1640. The Medical Examiner's office ruled the death a murder. The Pol Pot regime ruled Cambodia from 1974 to 1978. While they ruled, the country remained isolated from the rest of the world. EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS Anybody who could sew had a collection on show and fashion ruled. Golding said that, before she reaches any conclusions, she wants a full briefing on the court ruling from Gwinn. Speculation that the Dolphin Centre could be used has been ruled out by Mr Boyle who says it would be too expensive. They were ruled by powerful clans. This does not rule out evolution by mutation and selection. Voting six to three, the court ruled that this ultimate threat violated states' rights. Why weren't they ruled out of order before they transgressed? Thesaurus THESAURUS► control to have power over a country, place, company etc, and decide what happens there: · The Democrats controlled the US Congress.· Government forces now control the city. ► run to make the important everyday decisions concerning a company, organization, country etc, so that it can continue to operate: · He runs a software company in New York.· The parents want to run the school themselves.· The government is unfit to run the country.· The charity runs a medical clinic in one of the poorest parts of the city. ► be in charge of somebody/something to have control over something, or responsibility for a group of people: · She is in charge of training new employees.· I left him in charge of the children while I was out. ► manage to be in charge of a company, especially one that someone else owns: · In 1963, she opened a furniture store, and her son has managed it since 1985. ► be in power if a group or leader is in power, they have political control of a country: · Abe resigned after less than a year in power.· It was the first time a democratically elected government had been in power. ► rule if a leader or political group rules a country, they have political control of that country: · President Assad ruled the country for almost 30 years.· The same party has ruled Japan for many years. ► supervise to be in charge of a group of workers or students and make sure that they do their work properly: · Professor Braude supervised the research team.· He’s supervising the building work. Longman Language Activatora rule► rule an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, or in a school or organization: · No one's allowed to ride with the driver. That's a company rule.· It says in the rules that every child has to wear school uniform.against the rules (=not allowed by the rules): · It is strictly against the rules for athletes to take drugs.break a rule (=disobey it): · I have no sympathy for Jonson. He broke the rules and got caught, that's all.rules govern something (=say how something should be done): · There have been some changes in the rules governing the use of safety equipment.hard and fast rule (=a definite fixed rule): · These are just guidelines, not hard and fast rules. ► regulation an official rule made by a government or organization, which is part of a set of rules: · Under the new regulations, coach drivers must take a break every four hours.building/planning/environmental regulations: · The building regulations are very strict about the materials you can use.safety/fire regulations: · Safety regulations affecting dangerous fluids must be scrupulously observed.comply with/conform to a regulation (=be correct according to a regulation): · All cars sold in Germany must conform to the regulations laid down by the Federal Road Safety Board.contravene/breach a regulation formal (=do something that is forbidden by it): · Anyone who takes milk from an unhealthy cow will be contravening public health regulations. ► restriction an official rule that limits what people can do: restriction on: · There are restrictions on what you can bring into the country. Alcohol, for example, is totally forbidden.impose a restriction (=bring it into operation): · The restrictions imposed by the censors make objective reporting of news impossible.lift a restriction (=stop it from operating): · Congress voted to lift trade restrictions against Iran.travel/price/import restrictions (=rules that limit the amount that someone can travel, how much something can cost etc): · For a while they tried using price restrictions as a way of controlling inflation. ► law one of the rules that say how a sport should be played: · FIFA is the organization that runs world football and decides whether any of the laws should be changed.law of: · the laws of cricket ► code a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: code of: · He will be dealt with under our code of discipline.code of practice (=rules saying what a particular type of organization should or should not do): · A new code of practice governing the advertising of tobacco products is being introduced.code of conduct (=rules saying how members of a profession should behave): · Hobbs had blatantly ignored the legal profession's code of conduct.moral/religious code: · people who follow some strict religious code ► rules and regulations a set of rules - use this when you think the rules are too detailed or cause unnecessary inconvenience: · There were so many petty rules and regulations that some companies stopped trying to export their products. rules of acceptable behaviour► convention the rules and customs of acceptable behaviour, which are generally accepted by the members of a group or society: · He is a flamboyant millionaire who ignores social conventions.convention of: · She shocked her neighbours by ignoring every convention of respectable society.a matter of convention: · It is a matter of convention that male business people usually wear suits.defy convention (=do something unconventional): · For the next four years they defied convention by living as man and wife when they were not. ► protocol the system of rules for behaviour on official occasions: · According to protocol, he was to arrive at the meeting exactly five minutes early.breach of protocol (=behaviour not according to protocol): · Touching the Queen was a breach of royal protocol. ► etiquette the rules of polite behaviour in society or in a particular group: · Etiquette is especially important on occasions such as weddings and funerals.breach of etiquette (=behaviour not according to etiquette): · It was considered a breach of etiquette to refuse an invitation.professional etiquette (=the etiquette followed by people working in a particular profession): · Professional etiquette dictates that judges should not express their opinions about a case in public. ► unwritten law a rule or way of behaving that is not official but is accepted by most members of a society or group: · It was an unwritten law of the Mafia that nobody should talk to the police.· Jobs like this never go to women -- it just seems to be one of those unwritten laws of business. ► netiquette informal the commonly accepted rules for polite behaviour when you are communicating with other people on the Internet: · Sending an angry e-mail in capital letters breaks the rules of netiquette. to govern a country► govern if a political party or group governs a country, its members make all the important decisions about laws, taxes, relationships with other countries etc: · The former Chancellor questioned the Prime Minister's ability to govern.· The PRI party has governed the country for more than seventy years.governing party (=the political party that is governing a country): · The governing party controls two-thirds of the parliament. ► run to control a country - use this also about a powerful person or group that controls a country but has not been elected: · Who's running this country, the government or the trade unions?· The revolutionary council ran the country until democratic elections were held.· The country is being run by an interim prime minister, Jean-Claude Cousin. ► rule if a king, queen, military leader, or a foreign government rules a country, they have official power over it: · Marcos ruled the Philippines for 20 years.· India was ruled by the British for a very long time. ► be in power if a political party or a leader is in power at a particular time, they are the government or leader of a country at that time: · Castro has been in power for more than 30 years.· Taxes were higher when the Democrats were in power. ► be in government especially British if a political party is in government , it has been elected to govern the country: · The Liberal Democrats have been in government for five years now.· He thought it unlikely that the Republican party would be in government for much longer. ► hold office to have an important job in a government, for example as its leader or as head of a government department: · Jemison had previously held office as Minister of Education.· In Mexico, the president holds office for a fixed term of six years.· People convicted of certain criminal offenses are not allowed to hold office. to make something impossible► rule out to make something impossible, especially something that you had already planned or decided to do: · Mark's serious physical condition ruled out our trip to Hungary that year.· Severe weather conditions ruled out any rescue operation until the following day. ► preclude formal to make it impossible for someone to do something: · Lack of evidence may preclude a trial.preclude somebody from doing something: · These regulations may preclude newspapers from publishing details of politicians' private lives. to be the leader► be the leader (of something) · Margaret Haley was the leader of the Chicago Teachers' Federation.· Dang was born, raised and schooled to be a future leader of his country.· Ken, who was two years older than I, was our leader.· Karekin is the spiritual leader of more than 6 million Armenians worldwide. ► lead to be in charge of an organization, especially a political party, or to be in charge of a country: · For many years, India's Congress Party was led by Mrs Indira Gandhi.· Jaruzelski led the country's Communist regime for nine years.· 67% of voters said they would not trust him to lead the country. ► leadership someone's leadership is their ability to lead people: · His forceful personality concealed his weak leadership and poor political acumen. · We want to identify employees who have leadership potential.under somebody's leadership/under the leadership of: · The marketing department was much more focused under his leadership.· Harvard has a formidable team of black academics, working under the leadership of Henry Louis Gates.leadership style (=the way that someone behaves as a leader): · He took office in January and quickly established his leadership style. ► be fronted by if an organization is fronted by a particular person, they are the leader of that organization and often appear in public to represent that organization: · The organization is fronted by Keith Flynn, who has been associated with other political groups in the past. ► rule to be the leader of a country - use this about kings, queens, and other leaders who are not elected: · Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547.· Mary, Queen of Scots, only ruled for six years.· At that time, Persia was divided into several provinces, ruled by local khans. to draw or mark a line on something► draw a line · The teacher drew a line on the blackboard.· Someone's drawn a line through my name and written in theirs. ► underline to draw a line under a word in order to make people notice it: · Don't forget to underline the title of the essay.· All the mistakes had been underlined in red ink. ► rule formal to draw a straight line using a ruler or other straight edge: · He ruled three lines under the title of his essay.· She divided the page into four by ruling two diagonal lines across it. to have an official position of power► in power a person or political group that is in power has political control of a country or government: · The Socialists have been in power since the 1965 revolution. · The Congress Party in India lost its legislative majority in the late 1970s after nearly thirty years in power.remain/stay in power: · Gorbachev could not have remained in power without the support of the Red Army. ► in authority someone who is in authority has a job or position that gives them the right to tell other people what to do: · My mother demanded to speak to someone in authority.· Problems arise when people in authority can't keep discipline. ► in office someone, usually a government official, who is in office , has an important job or position with power: · The decision was made to remove the President after 30 years in office.remain/continue in office: · Hayward has expressed his willingness to continue in office. ► rule if a king, queen, political party, or organization rules , they have an official position of power in a country, and over the people who live there: · In 1860, Italy was a collection of small states ruled by princes and dukes.· While they ruled, the country remained isolated from the rest of the world.rule France/Spain etc: · The Pol Pot regime ruled Cambodia from 1974 to 1978.rule over: · Spain ruled over Portugal from 1580 to 1640.· Motamid had died, leaving his son Mostain to rule over Saragossa. ► ruling the ruling group or political party in an area or country is the one that is controlling it at the present time: ruling party/class/authority: · The ruling party is confident of winning the election.· the struggle between the workers and the ruling classes· The crisis sparked after the ruling party rushed through revisions of the labor and national security laws in a semi-secret parliamentary session. ► reign if a king or queen reigns , they have an official position of power, although they may not have any real power over the government of the country: · Robert II reigned for 19 years and died in Dundonald Castle on 13th May, 1390. · The last Moorish king reigned there until 1492.reign over: · Penda was king from 633 to 655, but it is not known who had reigned over the Mercians in the period before. to treat someone strictly► be hard on to treat someone very strictly and sometimes unfairly: · Sometimes I think you're too hard on that boy.· Don't be too hard on her. She didn't mean to break it. ► get tough with to begin to treat someone strictly because they have been doing something that is wrong or illegal: · At last the government is starting to get tough with dealers who sell dangerous second-hard cars.· Football clubs have been told that they must get tough with violent fans. ► stand/take no nonsense if you say that you stand or take no nonsense , you mean you treat other people strictly, but in a way that makes people respect you: · I won't stand any nonsense. I want you all in bed by nine o'clock.stand/take no nonsense from: · She was a very good teacher who would take no nonsense from her students. ► rule with a rod of iron to control an organization or group of people very strictly, by always punishing people if they do not obey you: · Their mother ruled their life with a rod of iron.· The Secret police ruled the city with a rod of iron. ► keep a tight rein on to strictly control someone's behaviour, for example by not allowing them to do things without asking your permission: · They keep a very tight rein on their children.· The government has promised to keep a tight rein on public spending. WORD SETS► Law access, nounacquit, verbacquittal, nounactionable, adjectiveact of God, nounadjourn, verbadminister, verbadmissible, adjectiveADR, nounadversarial, adjectiveadvocate, nounaffidavit, nounage, nounaggrieved, adjectiveagreement, nounannual return, anti-dumping, adjectiveantitrust, adjectiveAppeal Court, nounappear, verbappellate court, nounarraign, verbarticled clerk, articles of association, nounassignee, nounassizes, nounattachment, nounattest, verbattorney, nounattorney-at-law, nounattorney general, nounaverage clause, bailable, adjectivebailee, nounbailiff, nounbailment, nounban, nounbarrister, nounbeneficial owner, beneficiary, nounbequeath, verbbequest, nounbest efforts, adjectivebid-rigging, nounbill, nounbill of rights, nounblue law, nounbody corporate, bond, nounbook, verbbox, nounbreakdown clause, break fee, brief, nounbroker's lien, burden of proof, nounbusiness entity, buyer's risk, bylaw, nouncabotage, nouncadastre, nouncase, nouncase law, nouncash shell, nouncause, nouncause célèbre, nouncause of action, nouncaution, nouncaution, verbcertificate of incorporation, nouncertificate of protest, nouncertificate of search, nounchain of title, nounchallenge, nounchallenge, verbchancery, nounChapter 7, nouncharge, nouncharge, verbcharges register, chief justice, nouncircuit court, nouncite, verbcitizen's arrest, nouncivil, adjectivecivil law, nounclaim, nounclaimant, nounclass action, nounclause, nounclean, adjectivecloud on title, nouncollusion, nouncommerce clause, committal, nouncommon law, nouncommunity property, nounCommunity Reinvestment Act, nouncommutation, nounCompanies House, nouncompanies registry, company limited by guarantee, nouncompany limited by shares, nouncompany officer, competence, nouncompetent, adjectivecomplainant, nouncompletion, nouncompletion date, compliance officer, compulsory purchase, nounconditional discharge, nouncondition precedent, nouncondition subsequent, nounconduct money, confidentiality clause, confirmation hearing, conflict of laws, nounconjugal, adjectiveconsensus ad idem, nounconsent decree, consenting adult, nounconservator, nounconstituted, adjectiveconstitution, nounconstitutional, adjectiveconstitutionality, nouncontempt, nouncontest, verbcontingency fee, contract of insurance, nouncontract of purchase, nouncontract of service, nouncontravene, verbcontravention, nouncontributory negligence, nounconvey, verbconveyance, nounconveyancing, nounconvict, verbconviction, nouncopyright, nounco-respondent, nouncosignatory, nouncounsel, nouncounty court, nouncourthouse, nouncourt-martial, nouncourt-martial, verbCourt of Appeal, nounCourt of Appeals, nouncourt of inquiry, nouncourt of law, nounCourt of Queen's Bench, nouncourt order, nouncourt reporter, nouncourtroom, nouncramdown, nouncriminal, adjectivecriminal injury, criminalize, verbcriminal law, nouncross-examine, verbCrown Court, nouncurfew, nouncustodial, adjectiveD.A., noundata protection, death sentence, noundeath warrant, noundeclaration of association, noundecree, noundecree absolute, noundecree nisi, noundecriminalize, verbdeed, noundeed of conveyance, noundefalcation, noundefend, verbdefendant, noundeficiency judgment, noundeficiency judgment, de jure, adjectivedeposition, noundeputy, nounderivative lease, desertion, noundiminished responsibility, noundiplomatic immunity, noundirectors register, disabled quota, disbar, verbdischarge of contract, noundisclaim, verbdisclaimer, noundiscretionary, adjectivedisinherit, verbdismiss, verbdispense, verbdisposition, noundispossess, verbdissent, noundissolution, noundistrain, verbdistrict attorney, noundistrict court, noundivorce, noundivorce, verbdivorced, adjectivedocket, noundonee, noundouble jeopardy, noundraftsman, noundrink-driving, noundrunk driving, noundue process, nounduress, nouneasement, nounedict, nouneffective, adjectiveeminent domain, nounempower, verbenabling, adjectiveenabling clause, enact, verbendowment, nounenforced, adjectiveenjoin, verbescape clause, escrow, nounescrow agent, estate, nounestoppel, nounevidence, nounexamination, nounexamination-in-chief, nounexamine, verbexculpate, verbexecute, verbexecutor, nounexecutrix, nounexhibit, nounexpectations, nounex post facto law, nounexpropriate, verbextradite, verbextrajudicial, adjectivefair dealing, false representation, nounfee absolute, nounfiduciary, nounfiduciary, adjectivefinding, nounfirm name, nounfixtures and fittings, nounforce majeure, nounforeman, nounforewoman, nounfreeholder, nounfree pardon, nounfrustration of contract, fugitive, nounfugitive, adjectivegagging order, gag order, noungarnishee, verbgarnishee, noungeneral counsel, noungeneral practice, noungive, verbgrand jury, noungrantee, noungrantor, noungreen paper, noungross misconduct, ground rent, nounguarantee, verbguarantor, nounguaranty, nounguillotine, verbguilt, noungun control, nounhabeas corpus, nounHague Rules, nounhear, verbhearing, nounheir, nounheir apparent, nounhereafter, adverbhereditament, nounhereinafter, adverbhereof, adverbhereto, adverbheritable, adjectiveHigh Court, nounHighway Code, nounhirer, nounhuman right, nounimplied term, inadmissible, adjectiveinalienable, adjectiveincriminate, verbindemnify, verbindemnity, nounindict, verbindictable, adjectiveindictment, nounindustrial tribunal, nouninitiative, nouninjunction, nounin loco parentis, adverbinnocence, nouninnocent, adjectiveinoperative, adjectiveinquest, nouninsanity, nouninstruct, verbintellectual property, nounintent, nouninterdict, nouninterlocutory injunction, invoke, verbJane Doe, nounjob quota, joint and several liability, JP, nounjudge, nounjudge, verbjudicial, adjectivejuridical, adjectivejurisdiction, nounjurisprudence, nounjurist, nounjuror, nounjury, nounjury box, nounjury service, nounjustice, nounJustice of the Peace, nounjustifiable homicide, nounjuvenile, adjectivekangaroo court, nounKing's Counsel, nounlaw firm, nounlawyer, nounlease, nounleasehold, adjectiveleaseholder, nounlegatee, nounlegator, nounlessee, nounlessor, nounletters of administration, nounliable, adjectivelicensee, nounlien, nounlienee, nounlienor, nounlimited liability, nounliquidated damages, litigant, nounlitigate, verblitigation, nounlitigator, nounlitigious, adjectiveliving will, nounloophole, nounmagisterial, adjectivemagistracy, nounmagistrate, nounMagistrates' Court, nounmaintenance, nounmajority, nounmalfeasance, nounmalpractice, nounmarriage certificate, nounmarriage licence, nounmarriage lines, nounmaterial, adjectivematerial fact, nounmemorandum, nounmiscarriage of justice, nounmisdirect, verbmisfeasance, nounmisstatement, nounmistrial, nounM'lord, nounM'lud, nounmoiety, nounmonies, nounmoot court, nounmoratorium, nounmovable, nounno-fault, adjectivenolo contendere, nounnonfeasance, nounnon-negotiable, adjectivenotary, nounnuisance, nounnullify, verbnullity, nounoath, nounopen-and-shut case, nounopen verdict, nounoperative mistake, nounordinance, nounoriginating application, originating summons, outlaw, nounout-of-court settlement, nounoyez, interjectionpalimony, nounpanel, nounparalegal, nounpardon, verbpardon, nounparty, nounpass, verbpassage, nounpatent, nounpatent, adjectivepaternity, nounpaternity suit, nounpatrimony, nounpenal code, nounpenalty, nounperformance contract, perjury, nounpersonal injury, personal representative, personalty, nounpetition, nounpetition, verbpetitioner, nounplaintiff, nounplanning permission, nounplea bargaining, nounpleadings, nounpledgee, nounpolice, verbpositive discrimination, nounpower of attorney, nounprecedent, nounprejudice, verbpreservation order, nounpresume, verbprice-fixing, nounprima facie, adjectiveprimary residence, prime tenant, primogeniture, nounprivate law, nounprivileged, adjectiveprivity, nounprobate, nounprobate, verbprobation, nounprobationer, nounprobation officer, nounpro bono, adjectiveprocedural, adjectiveproceeding, nounproceedings, nounprohibit, verbprohibition, nounprohibitive, adjectivepromulgate, verbpronounce, verbproposition, nounproscribe, verbprosecute, verbprosecution, nounprosecutor, nounprotective custody, nounprove, verbprovision, nounprovisional licence, nounproximate cause, nounpublic defender, nounpublic prosecutor, nounpublic service vehicle, punishable, adjectiveQC, nounquarter sessions, nounquash, verbQueen's Counsel, nounreal property, nounrecess, nounrecess, verbrecognition, nounrecognizance, nounrecorder, nounreeve, nounregulation, nounremand, verbremand, nounrepeal, verbrescind, verbrespondent, nounrestoration, nounrestore, verbretainer, nounretrial, nounretroactive, adjectiveretrospective, adjectiveretry, verbreversion, nounrevocation, nounrevoke, verbRex, nounright of appeal, nounroad tax, nounroot of title, royalty payment, rule, verbruling, nounsaid, adjectivesalami slicing, nounSarbanes-Oxley Act, nounscheme of arrangement, nounsentence, nounsentence, verbsequester, verbsession, nounsettlement date, settlement terms, shall, modal verbshell company, sheriff, nounsheriff court, nounshow trial, nounsitting tenant, nounsmall claims court, nounsolicitor, nounsolicitor general, nounSOX, nounspecial licence, nounspecific performance, speed limit, nounstakeholder, nounstate attorney, nounstate court, nounstated case, statute, nounstatute law, nounstatute of limitations, nounstatutory, adjectivestatutory report, stay, nounstay of execution, nounstipendiary magistrate, nounstoppage in transit, nounsub judice, adverbsubmission, nounsuborn, verbsubpoena, nounsubpoena, verbsue, verbsuit, nounsumming up, nounsumming-up, nounsummons, nounsummons, verbSupreme Court, nounsurety, nounsuspended sentence, nounswear, verbtechnicality, nountenant at sufferance, nountenant at will, nountenant for years, nountenant in common, nountenure, nountestament, nountestator, nountest case, nountest certificate, nountestify, verbtestimony, nounthereinafter, adverbthird party, nounthrough, prepositionticket, nounticket, verbtitle, nountitle deed, nountitle holder, nountort, nountradename, nounTrading Standards, treasure trove, nountrespass, verbtrespass, nountrial, nountrust for sale, nounultra vires, adjectiveunderwriting power, undue influence, noununlicensed, adjectiveuphold, verbverdict, nounvindicate, verbvisa, nounvoucher, nounward, nounwarrant, nounwhereas, conjunctionwill, nounwill, verbwinding up, nounwitness, nounwitness, verbwitness box, nounwrit, nounwrongful termination, Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY► rule by decree  He announced that henceforth he would rule by decree (=make all the important decisions himself). ► rules ... life  the passion for power and success which rules her life ► be ruled illegal/unlawful etc  This part of the bill was ruled unconstitutional. ► rule out the possibility  She has refused to rule out the possibility of singing again. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► adhered ... to ... rules  I have adhered strictly to the rules. ► basic rules · Most people nowadays are aware of some of the basic rules of healthy living. ► cardinal rules  Having clean hands is one of the cardinal rules when preparing food. ► the ruling class (=the people in power)· For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class. ► the ruling/governing coalition · The March elections may weaken the ruling coalition. ► colonial rule  the struggle against colonial rule ► common-law rules/courts/rights etc ► the rules of a competition · Make sure you understand the rules of the competition. ► rules/standards of conduct · In war, there are established rules of conduct. ► rules and conventions · Rules and conventions permeate the whole of social life. ► rule a country (=have complete control of a country)· For a long time the country was ruled by military dictators. ► a court ruling (=an official decision)· The company appealed against the court ruling. ► a court rules/orders/holds something · The court ruled that the penalty was not excessive. ► laws/rules dictate something · Federal laws dictate how land can be used. ► ruling elite  a struggle for power within the ruling elite ► enforce a rule/regulation · The rules are strictly enforced. ► be the exception to the rule (also be the exception that proves the rule) (=be different to most other people or things)· Most of the boys were quite shy, but Larry was the exception to the rule. ► be the exception, not the rule (=used to emphasize that something is unusual)· Staying married for life seems to be the exception, not the rule these days. ► ruled out foul play  Detectives have not ruled out foul play. ► the rules of the game · It's against the rules of the game to pick up the ball. ► as a general rule  I hate paperwork as a general rule. ► lay down/establish ground rules for something  Our book lays down the ground rules for building a patio successfully. ► hard-and-fast rules  It is impossible to give hard-and-fast rules, but here are some points to consider. ► somebody’s heart rules their head (=someone makes decisions based on emotions rather than careful thought)· He has never been one to let his heart rule his head. ► a king rules/reigns (=is in charge of a country)· How could a Christian king rule if he was banned from the Church? ► maze of rules/regulations etc  a maze of new laws ► mob rule  The leadership had been criticized for giving in to mob rule (=when a mob controls the situation rather than the government or the law). ► obey the law/rules · She’s the sort of person who always obeys the rules. ► the ruling party (=the party in power)· The ruling party’s level of support grew throughout the year. ► rule out/exclude a possibility (=say that something will definitely not happen or is definitely not true)· We can't rule out the possibility that there will be more redundancies. ► a queen rules/reigns (=is in charge of a country)· Queen Victoria reigned for over 60 years. ► rules and regulations · We must reduce the number of rules and regulations. ► relax rules/regulations/controls  Hughes believes that immigration controls should not be relaxed. ► reverse a decision/ruling · The Supreme Court reversed the decision. ► stretch the rules  This once, I’ll stretch the rules and let you leave work early. ► strict rules/regulations/guidelines · There are strict rules and regulations regarding conduct. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADVERB► out · Dole demanded that Clinton rule out pardons for his business partners in the failed Whitewater land scheme.· Ford dismissed an immediate meeting with the unions but did not rule out talks after Christmas.· Although he said the tire does not appear to have been shot, police have not ruled out that possibility.· However, one can not rule out the possibility that certain other new parties may appear.· No one has been able to create purified prions in a system that would rule out the presence of viruses.· The variety is enormous but many can be ruled out in not satisfying all the requirements.· The things that were ruled out were things that would put him in danger. NOUN► country · Charles de Gaulle once lamented that he simply could not rule over a country that had 385 different kinds of cheese!· But because he is a child, the Earl of Moray, my half-brother, can rule the country for him.· They were now ruling the country and of course were rejoiced to welcome Aeneas and his men.· Frankly, we could hardly hope to rule a country if we went around killing everyone all the time, could we?· Parties seeking to rule a country should be accountable to all the people of the country. ► court · Finally, the courts have ruled that school boards can impose economic sanctions on teachers who go on strike.· In Goodfellow the Court of Appeal ruled that there should be no reference to the risk of damage to property. ► decree · The powers allow it to rule by decree and declare a state of war.· Article 38 permits the government to rule by decree.· Mr Gorbachev may well use his powers to rule by decree to push the reform through. ► favor · Carter-appointed judges ruled in favor of the defendant in 40 percent of the cases, the study found.· He ruled in favor of the party for a large amount of damages.· In the last five years, some federal judges have ruled in their favor.· A Montgomery County jury ruled in their favor, and Aron was ordered to pay $ 175, 000.· He could rule entirely in favor of the government, and let all the rules stand.· The Pikes appealed to a juvenile court judge, who ruled in their favor. ► judge · But they walked free from Bristol Crown Court after the judge ruled that there was no case to answer.· In 1994 a judge ruled that prisoners who were mentally competent were free to starve themselves to death.· In December 1978, federal district judge Marion Callister ruled that the extension was unconstitutional.· The police claimed the records weren't relevant to the case, but the judge ruled they should be disclosed.· Although there was conflicting testimony on whether or not the course was religious, the judge ruled that it was. ► possibility · Detectives still haven't ruled out the possibility that she was abducted.· However, Bantle would not rule out the possibility that the mission could be cut short if the system is not repaired.· Abreu's strategies appear to rule out such renegotiation possibilities - an agreement is made once and for all and can never be reopened.· Expenses will be kept in line, he said, not ruling out the possibility of minor layoffs.· The government's overriding concern to ensure domestic stability ruled out the possibility of landless Emancipation.· Moreover, experiments on pigeons have been thought to rule out that possibility.· But, in a television interview, she appeared to rule out the possibility of a reconciliation.· They have also ruled out any possibility of supporting a rights issue. ► roost · The mid-fielders ruled the roost up to the interval, but after a scoreless first half the Antrim team showed great dominance.· Alongside the State, they continued to rule the roost.· But it was those two who ruled the roost.· In the meantime, it was Amelia who ruled the family roost.· The late 1960s and early 1970s saw Lee Trevino ruling the roost on both sides of the Pond.· Effective discipline is neither harsh nor does it allow the child to rule the roost.· I kind of ruled the roost a bit, but we got on well. VERB► refuse · But Suffolk governors, who share hiring and firing responsibilities with their school heads, have refused to rule out disciplinary action.· Haley Barbour, chairman of the Republican National Committee, pointedly refused last week to rule out using the tape in commercials.· The speculation was fuelled by Premier John Major who refused to rule them out. Phrases PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► somebody/something rules In football, Jefferson High rules! ► rule the roost Amanda pretty much rules the roost in that house. Alongside the State, they continued to rule the roost. But it was those two who ruled the roost. But Mr Norman rules the roost in the film field with a regular 4 million audience, twice the weekly cinema audience. Effective discipline is neither harsh nor does it allow the child to rule the roost. I kind of ruled the roost a bit, but we got on well. Political expediency, political vengeance still rule the roost, not only in waterfowl jobs but throughout the establishment. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw Lee Trevino ruling the roost on both sides of the Pond. The mid-fielders ruled the roost up to the interval, but after a scoreless first half the Antrim team showed great dominance. ► rule somebody/something with a rod of iron► rule somebody with an iron fist/handPHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► blanket statement/rule/ban etc Cine Blitz International publisher Rajesh Mehra attacked the blanket ban. His support for a 15-month blanket ban on strikes suggests that he is still not wholly aware of this fact. One of the most urgent measures is a blanket ban on all animal and bone meal in animal feed. The ban is a blanket ban covering all marches or all marches of a particular class such as political marches. The existing blacklist of substances not to be dumped at sea would be superseded by the blanket ban. The idea behind this imposition of blanket bans was to prevent the temptation to discriminate against particular marches. The state bar would prefer to set a blanket rule governing all types of lawyers. They already had been instructed to avoid Simpson coverage, but Fujisaki expanded his order to a blanket ban on all news. ► divide and rule/conquer Britain did not divide and rule. He preferred to divide and rule. Here too the Party could fend off opposition by a policy of divide and rule. Power to appoint is power to divide and rule. That if you play the game of divide and rule long enough then you end up with Sister Souljah? The well-tried Roman policy of divide and rule had been the basis of Augustan diplomacy and continued during the conquest. They haven't shown the political will to sort out the problem - there has been an element of divide and rule. ► somebody/something is the exception that proves the rule Most people our age have finished school, and Mike is the exception that proves the rule. ► hand down a decision/ruling/sentence etc Just a few months earlier, the Supreme Court had handed down a decision inviting states to pass abortion restrictions. She is expected soon to hand down a ruling. The commission will seek to arbitrate a resolution before handing down a decision in late summer. ► stay an order/ruling/execution etc Rivals got a stay order from the courts, though after a backroom deal in mid-March the government got its way. ► stick to the rules Everyone in the party has a responsibility to stick to the rules agreed by the party conference. Failure to stick to the safety rules could result in disaster. I'd stuck to the rules arid nothing had happened. It was all right if she was hours late, but Henry had to stick to the rules. That government said at the summit it was sticking to the rules, and then suggested afterward it would not not. ► be a stickler for detail/rules/accuracy etc With his personal guests who were important to him or his state, Kim was a stickler for detail. ► be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc► work to rule Plants work to rules rather different from those of animals. Video-Tape, no voice over ARNCOTT/Oxfordshire Prison officers at Bullingdon prison near Bicester began their work to rule last night. Word family WORD FAMILYnounrulerulerrulingunrulinessadjectiverulingunrulyruledverbruleoverrule 1government [intransitive, transitive] to have the official power to control a country and the people who live there → govern:  Queen Victoria ruled England for 64 years. African tribal societies were traditionally ruled by a council of elders.rule over Alexander the Great ruled over a huge empire. He announced that henceforth he would rule by decree (=make all the important decisions himself).► see thesaurus at control2control/influence [transitive] if a feeling or desire rules someone, it has a powerful and controlling influence on their actions:  the passion for power and success which rules her life3court/law [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to make an official decision about something, especially a legal problem → decreerule that The judge ruled that she should have custody of the children.rule on The Supreme Court has yet to rule on the case.rule in favour of/against somebody/something The tribunal ruled in her favour.be ruled illegal/unlawful etc This part of the bill was ruled unconstitutional. → ruling14rule the roost informal to be the most powerful person in a group:  His wife rules the roost in their house.5rule somebody/something with a rod of iron also rule somebody with an iron fist/hand to control a group of people in a very severe way:  Although he was a fair man, he ruled us with an iron fist.6somebody/something rules informal used to say that the team, school, place etc mentioned is better than any other:  Arsenal rules OK. British English graffiti saying ‘Poheny High rules’7draw a line [transitive] to draw a line using a ruler or other straight edge:  Rule a line under each answer. → overrule, → let your heart rule your head at heart1(2)rule something/somebody ↔ out phrasal verb1to decide that something is not possible or suitable:  The police have ruled out suicide. She has refused to rule out the possibility of singing again.2to make it impossible for something to happen:  The mountainous terrain rules out most forms of agriculture.3to state that someone will not be able to take part in a sports eventrule out of He has been ruled out of the match with a knee injury.
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