单词 | liability |
释义 | liabilityli‧a‧bil‧i‧ty /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ ●○○ noun Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES Thesaurus
Longman Language Activatora bad feature of something► disadvantage Collocations a bad feature of something, for example a way in which it causes problems or is worse than other things of the same kind: · The proposal has some major disadvantages.disadvantage of: · The main disadvantage of being a nurse is working irregular hours. ► drawback a disadvantage of something, that makes it seem less attractive - use this especially when something seems good in other ways: · It's a good-looking car - the only drawback is the price.drawback of: · One of the major drawbacks of being famous is the lack of privacy.drawback to: · High house prices are one drawback to economic growth. ► liability someone or something that is a disadvantage because they are likely to make you less successful: · In those days, a politician's wife who did not hold traditional views could be a liability.liability to: · The product that was once so popular is now a liability to the company.serious liability: · The bank realized that the dispute was becoming a serious liability in doing business ► limitations the limits on how good someone or something can be or what they are able to do: · I think we've done a wonderful job, considering the limitations we've had to work under.· We made an inspection of the building's resources and limitations. ► the downside the disadvantage of a plan or situation that in most other ways seems good: · The band sounds great. The only downside is the quality of the recording.the downside of: · The downside of the New Economy is the forced resettlement of villagers. money that someone owes► debt money that you owe, especially a large amount: · Debt is one of the main social problems of our time.debt of: · The government now has debts of $2.5 billion.pay off/repay a debt (=pay all the money that you owe): · It took us three years to pay off all our debts.write off a debt (=agree that it will not and does not need to be repaid): · He protected less profitable state farms by writing off their debts.foreign debt (=money owed by foreign countries): · To pay the interest on our foreign debt, we will have to import less.a bad debt (=a debt that will never be repaid): · Lenders must try and protect themselves against bad debts. ► overdraft an amount of money that you owe to your bank when you have spent more money that you had in your bank account: · I've already got an enormous overdraft.a £100/$1500 etc overdraft: · When he left college, he had a $3000 overdraft. ► liabilities the debts that a company, government etc is legally responsible to pay - used especially in legal and business contexts: · The chart shows the movements in the company's liabilities and assets during a particular trading period.· US external net liabilities rose throughout the 1980s. ► borrowings the total amount of money that a company has borrowed and owes - used in business contexts: · Borrowings at the end of the year amounted to nearly $27 million.· The company was now so large it could increase its borrowings to almost any figure it chose. ► IOU a note that you write saying that you owe someone money or that you will pay for something later - often used by journalists as an informal word for a legal agreement in which one business or organization owes another money: · Essentially, a bond is an IOU.give somebody an IOU: · There was anger among farmers, who were being given IOUs instead of cash for their crops. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRYADJECTIVES/NOUN + liability► full liability Phrases (=complete responsibility)· The driver of the other car accepted full liability for the accident. ► limited liability (=when someone is responsible for damages or debts for a limited amount of money)· Limited liability encourages managers to take more risks with shareholder funds than they would otherwise. ► unlimited liability (=when someone is responsible for damages or debts for the full amount of money)· Under the agreement, the insurance company has unlimited liability. ► legal liability (=responsibility for something that is covered by laws)· What is the legal liability of an employer in the event of an accident at work? ► criminal liability (=responsiblity for injury or damage covered by criminal law)· A child under the age of ten cannot face criminal liability for its acts. ► civil liability (=responsiblity for injury or damage covered by civil law)· A company operating a ship which spills oil into the sea will face civil liability. ► tax liability (=a legal responsibility to pay tax)· The government is planning to increase the tax liability on company cars. ► personal liability (=when an individual person is legally responsible)· Directors can incur personal liability for errors made by their companies. verbs► have liability· The parents of these children may have some liability. ► accept/admit liability· The company accepts no liability for any loss, inconvenience, or delay caused by a cancellation of train services. ► assume liability (=take the responsibility for something, which you did not have before)· You would then assume the tax liability for the account. ► incur liability (=be in a situation in which you must take responsibility for something)· The transfer of property will not incur a liability to inheritance tax. ► deny liability (=say you are not responsible for something)· The defendants continued to deny liability for Peck's death. ► escape/avoid liability· The defendant escaped liability by proving that he had taken all possible measures to avoid the accident. liability + NOUN► a liability claim (=a claim that someone is legally responsible)· A liability claim was made by a consumer injured by the product. ► liability insurance/cover (=insurance that protects you against a liability claim)· Many house and contents insurance policies have provision for liability insurance for claims of negligence against you. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE► civil· The Act, however, has no effect on civil liability.· The expressed intent of immunity legislation is to encourage reporting without fear of civil or criminal liability.· It looks at joint compensation schemes cases in which civil liability principles do not apply.· Some states already have enacted laws that impose civil liability for failure to report.· It is far from clear, even using the Diplock test, which statutes will give rise to civil liability.· Whatever the outcome, s.61 style remedies are important for the future development of civil liability for insider dealing. 4.2.5.· Draft directives on civil liability for damage caused by waste are under discussion.· Both civil and criminal liability are incurred by the corrupt giving or receiving of such commission. ► contingent· Margin Rule 5-28 imposes various requirements in relation to margined contingent liability transactions.· Clearly, the vendor will seek as large a consideration as possible, with as few contingent liabilities as possible.· Instead, the vendor should be encouraged to identify, describe and quantify the actual and contingent liabilities arising from these disputes.· What further contingent liabilities are being assumed elsewhere in the group? ► criminal· The question of criminal liability can not be relegated to a matter of medical consensus.· The expressed intent of immunity legislation is to encourage reporting without fear of civil or criminal liability.· Statutes of 1859,1871 and 1875 were designed to relieve trade unions of criminal liability, especially for conspiracy.· One reason for this may be a desire to protect from criminal liability men whose conduct is not universally regarded as criminal.· Both civil and criminal liability are incurred by the corrupt giving or receiving of such commission.· So, keep detailed records of drivers of all company vehicles: otherwise this personal criminal liability may arise.· If a hotel receptionist double-books a room does this give rise to criminal liability?· Meeting the minimum requirements of safety legislation or standards is a complete defence to criminal liability. ► current· Therefore we have a current liability.· Next, changes in current asset and liability accounts that impact cash must be accounted for.· We can see from this that there has been a rise in the reliance on current liabilities in 1988 compared to 1984.· As a firm grows, current assets will generally grow faster than current liabilities.· Looking to the right-hand side of the balance sheet, current liabilities often provide a major source of financing for a firm. ► financial· It requires evaluation of how far the risk of personal financial liability is an incentive to performance.· And some relatively youthful households may have large amounts of financial liabilities.· Careers are ruined - for the individuals and, maybe, for some of their colleagues. Financial liability is serious.· Poor, working fathers have literally been made financial liabilities to their families.· Note that financial assets and liabilities cancel one another out, thus making net worth equal to the value of physical assets.· They think that unlike previous cases, the tobacco industry is not going to be able to avoid any financial liability.· Land is both stock-in-trade and a financial liability, particularly with the fluctuating rates of interest which are currently prevalent.· No register to search, and in this ancient and complex field there can be quite substantial financial liability. ► joint· There will again be Joint and Several liability as there was in Community Charge.· It is helpful for the purchaser and the vendors to understand the implications of both joint liability and several liability.· Clearly several liability favours the purchaser whereas joint liability favours the vendors.· Note: Joint and several liability unlikely to be an issue in an asset sale.· Clearly several liability favours the purchaser whereas joint liability favours the vendors. Joint and several liability is a suitable compromise.· A change in the law on joint and several liability, in particular apportionment of liability, is required.· Another feature that will survive from the poll tax is joint and several liability.· But there is no reason why it should not exist independently of joint liability. ► legal· It also figures in the rules governing the legal liability of public authorities.· As partners, they would share profits, losses, and legal liability.· There is no reference to any additional expenditure on working to ensure a fairer system of legal liability.· Personal Liability ... Up to £500,000 To cover your legal liability for accidental injury to third parties or accidental damage to their property.· The proposals also aim to overcome the present problems relating to the independence, accountability and legal liability of external auditors.· Though not under a legal liability to maintain his illegitimate child, the father is under a moral duty to do so.· Even the parents looked worried this time - probably thinking of legal liabilities, Hoomey thought. ► limited· There are three main alternatives: sole practitioner; partnership; or unlimited or limited liability company.· If institutional investors are involved, the buy-out vehicle could be a limited partnership, to afford the institutions limited liability.· As Turbosoft were not a limited liability company, the proprietors are personally liable for the losses and could be made bankrupt.· It should, however, be pointed out that in practice the extent of limited liability is itself restricted.· One, the Abbey National, has already switched to limited liability status as a full bank.· Thus, it has hitherto been appropriate for the professional partnership where limited liability is forbidden.· Only limited partners may claim limited liability.· To neither form of business undertaking had the privilege of limited liability yet been conceded. ► other· Borrowings and other liabilities. 0704.12 Warranties on business matters Insurance and claims record.· Convertible debt is to be displayed separately from other liabilities.· In other cases, liability can be excluded or restricted provided that the term satisfies a test of reasonableness.· All other assets and liabilities are ignored in this simplistic illustration on the creation of claims. ► personal· The threat of personal liability provides directors with an incentive to comply with applicable standards of conduct.· Examples of such rules include divorce, contracts, or personal liability litigation.· Basic Rate Taxpayers will have no personal liability to Income Tax.· Likewise, check into homeowners' insurance, auto insurance and an umbrella personal liability policy.· The 1951 Act also provides for personal as well as corporate liability.· Indeed, many people have faced personal liability for the withheld payroll taxes of a company owned by some one else.· All partners are unlimited in their personal liability for the debts and obligations of the firm incurred whilst a partner.· In this sense, a small private company may confer no great advantage over the personal liability of a partner. ► potential· Two principal heads of potential liability are cited to justify this position and call for consideration.· Teal had told the police only that there was a potential liability in the placement of an adult among minors.· Secondly, the purchaser will require the surveyor to assess potential liabilities under repairing obligations in the lease and in particular for dilapidations.· The potential liability of Willens and PaineWebber is another facet of the investigation.· The possibility of potential deferred tax liabilities crystallising.· Allied responsibility: Will assume environmental responsibilities and potential future liabilities for the purchased landfills.· Finally the apartment manager, fearful of the potential liabilities and lawsuits related to substandard housing and building codes, evicted us. ► public· Medical and legal expenses, public liability and cancellation should all be included at as high a level as possible.· It provides cover for public and products liability.· Unfortunately it is becoming harder to obtain public liability insurance cover because of the very large amounts awarded nowadays in damage claims.· For example, you mentioned the need for public liability insurance, so I went ahead and arranged that.· That may include public liability, product liability and bad debt insurance. ► strict· A contractual obligation, such as an exchange rule gives rise on the face of it to strict liability.· It is a form of strict liability.· Its purpose is to introduce a strict liability regime on producers of defective products.· The reasonable foreseeability test should not apply in strict liability torts as foresight of damage is not generally required to establish liability.· There are two approaches: with fault and strict liability.· This resulted in the passing of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 which introduces a strict liability regime for defective products.· A form of strict liability is also created for damage caused by articles falling from an aircraft whilst in flight.· The Prince rule of strict liability as to age, which applies equally to indecent assault, has already been noticed. ► total· The company has total liabilities of £2.8m and a trading loss of £800,000.· By definition, assets must equal the total liabilities plus equities.· For instance, take a clause which imposes a total cap on liability under a contract.· By balancing profits and loss in this way, total tax liability may be reduced.· Even so, as Table 4.1 shows, wholesale funding remains a comparatively small proportion of total liabilities.· The gross size represents total foreign currency liabilities of banks in major financial centres.· Calls for special deposits are normally expressed as a uniform percentage of each bank's total eligible liabilities. ► unlimited· There are three main alternatives: sole practitioner; partnership; or unlimited or limited liability company.· If this is not sufficient the unlimited liability of the members is joint and several.· A seller who accepted an unlimited liability for economic loss on many of his transactions would soon go out of business.· Partnerships are a legal stipulation for law firms, and, with unlimited liability, a burden for many.· Mr Mitchell's own state of Maine is one of 18 that impose unlimited liability.· The new companies would also differ from co-operatives in that they would operate with unlimited liability. NOUN► company· There are three main alternatives: sole practitioner; partnership; or unlimited or limited liability company.· V., a nonprofit limited liability company, was formed to develop and operate the network.· As Turbosoft were not a limited liability company, the proprietors are personally liable for the losses and could be made bankrupt.· What are the differences between a sole proprietorship and a limited liability company?· Hacker Young advised that the Halls should opt for the dual status of charity and limited liability company.· In 1887 Davies set up a limited liability company, the Ocean Coal Company, with a nominal capital of £536,000. ► insurance· This bond requirement is not a substitute for the normal liability insurance carried by freight forwarders.· And there usually is a set-up fee and security deposit, plus liability insurance.· Old liability insurance policies that were in effect at the time of the relevant incidents can be valuable.· My own medical liability insurance bill is something between $ 25, 000 and $ 32, 000 annually.· Many house and contents insurance policies have provision for liability insurance for claims of negligence against you, it is worth checking.· The partnership purchases workers' compensation and liability insurance, which reduces the bureaucratic burden on participating companies.· It doesn't recommend trespass, it urges that you should consult the police and get third-party liability insurance.· If you serve alcohol in a public place, you may have to buy liability insurance. 10. ► product· On a share sale product liability is vital.· The product liability bill was a breakthrough, but it is only part of what we need.· It provides cover for public and products liability.· There are two such rules which apply to claims for product liability under the Consumer Protection Act: 1.· Dozens of laws have been written to deal with car cases, ranging from traffic disputes to product liability.· It is backed by a £15 million insurance warranty covering product liability on defective material, damage to property and consequential losses.· I have also written quite extensively on product liability and on aspects of consumer law.· Product Development for the Health Conscious Consumer; and there will be items on product liability and litigation. ► tax· These are non-statutory rules made by the Inland Revenue stipulating when full tax liability will not be enforced.· Individuals owning their own businesses must compare the expected tax liability of a proprietorship or partnership with the liability of a corporation.· But the procedures for establishing relief are cumbersome and have given rise to delays in settling a Name's tax liability.· Many high-income people can reduce their income tax liabilities very substantially by availing themselves of this loophole.· Capital allowances reduce a company's tax liability and thus improve its after-tax cash flow.· Will there be any tax liability?· No debts remained outstanding, apart from a tax liability in excess of £500,000. VERB► accept· As recognised by the conditions of engagement, the report is made to the borrower and the valuer accepts liability to him.· The Board of Guardians replied that they didn't have any isolation hospital and were unable to accept liability.· A seller who accepted an unlimited liability for economic loss on many of his transactions would soon go out of business.· The Scheme makes no difference to an employee's rights to take legal action, and the Company accepts no liability.· So far as the seller is concerned he would prefer not to accept liability to deliver by a particular date in the first instance.· The purchaser is unlikely to want to accept liability for the vendor's actions when it has had no control.· We will not accept liability in respect of claims that we receive after that date. 6.· These are regrettably beyond our control and we are unable to accept liability. ► admit· North West Anglia Health Authority admitted liability.· The award was made against London Underground, who admitted liability but disputed the amount of damages.· In the world's most litigious society the refusal to admit liability is culturally ingrained. ► arise· The sort of liability that can arise is often unforeseeable and can be expensive.· Instead, the vendor should be encouraged to identify, describe and quantify the actual and contingent liabilities arising from these disputes.· Management considers that adequate provision has been made for any liability which may arise in respect of the years 1981 to 1983.· So, keep detailed records of drivers of all company vehicles: otherwise this personal criminal liability may arise.· The liability must arise from: 1.· A tax liability would therefore arise but the cash may not be available to meet this obligation.· No provision has been made for any taxation liability that would arise is these assets were disposed of at their revalued amount. ► avoid· The moral of these cases is that journalists can not avoid liability for defamation merely by avoiding the naming of names.· Moreover, you would avoid the tax liability for interest on the taxable savings in the first plan.· Therefore, a purchaser would avoid automatically assuming liabilities by requiring a vendor to dismiss all or some employees prior to completion.· They think that unlike previous cases, the tobacco industry is not going to be able to avoid any financial liability.· Several concessions have been introduced which allow the better off to avoid their full tax liability. ► become· What was a potentially valuable, or at least useful, asset in bricks and mortar rapidly becomes a liability.· For people who are suddenly disabled and for many aging homeowners, traditional houses become inconvenient liabilities.· It seemed that Fitzroy Maclean, however distinguished and celebrated, had become a serious liability.· His departure was recognition that his unpopularity had become a liability for the Conservatives in an election year.· The implication of the latest moves are that humans have moved to the debit side and become liabilities.· These very assets of course, if improperly handled, become liabilities.· He was slow to recognize the extent to which the Suez garrison had become an expensive liability.· Maybe he/she is right; often he/she is not and may recruit some one who becomes a liability. ► cover· Personal Liability ... Up to £500,000 To cover your legal liability for accidental injury to third parties or accidental damage to their property.· It is also difficult to obtain insurance cover in substantial amounts to cover this type of liability.· Civil and criminal law Civil laws cover contract and liability in tort. ► escape· As seen, no such means of escaping their liabilities was available to non-traders.· If he is found guilty, but was clearly not acting for the company, it would escape liability.· This point means an absolute requirement for a person to maintain his brakes to escape liability. ► establish· Mere presence at the scene of the disorder is insufficient to establish liability.· The reasonable foreseeability test should not apply in strict liability torts as foresight of damage is not generally required to establish liability.· Similarly, establishing liability will be feasible where it is clear that the company's interests have not been addressed by management. ► exclude· A general exclusion clause which excludes liability altogether is thus very unlikely to be reasonable under s 3.· A notice in the guest's room sought to exclude liability for loss or damage to guest's property.· Attempts to exclude liability for negligence are governed by s. 2.· Some exclusion clauses do not totally exclude liability for a breach but only restrict it.· Can he exclude his liability for negligence?· First, it is impossible to exclude liability for death or personal injuries caused by negligence.· A court is unlikely to regard it as reasonable to exclude liability in such cases. ► exempt· The Unfair Contract Terms Act does not totally prohibit the seller from exempting himself from liability for breach of these other terms.· Moreover, death caused by poisoning, the most pre-meditated of all murders, was exempted from liability to capital punishment.· But this does not exempt them from liability if their actions result in negligent damage to people or property.· It is impossible for the seller to exempt himself from liability under section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act. ► impose· Some states already have enacted laws that impose civil liability for failure to report.· Because of these difficulties, governments might decide to impose strict liability for compensation on the practitioners of in vitro fertilisation.· States are increasingly enacting laws imposing liability for failure to report on those mandated to file child abuse reports.· And the question of efficiency, whether imposing such liability would reduce accidents or contribute to a more efficient use of resources.· Such liability will be all the more possible in states that explicitly impose liability by statute, such as Michigan and Montana.· Each of the three non-contractual areas of law imposing duties and liabilities is considered below.· It imposes legal liabilities on a person who has acted carelessly. ► incur· Suggested approach An employer can incur tortious liability in respect of his employees in one of three ways. ► limit· Hence a director of a company may stand to lose financially even though the company has limited liability.· Countries around the world limit the liability of investors and signal this special favor with certain abbreviations and designations.· They unanimously held that on its wording it limited the sellers' liability to the cost of replacing the seed.· The most important legal aspect of the corporation is its limited liability.· But if kind is interpreted more narrowly, then it will have the effect of limiting the defendant's liability.· The limited liability and perpetual life characteristics of the corporation make this form of organization almost mandatory for large firms.· The remaining type of clause is that which limits liability by reference to an overall monetary figure.· Wilson has signed into law a bill limiting liability suits filed by injured skateboarders. ► meet· It is fully insured to meet potential liabilities.· Liquidity: ratios designed to measure the ability of the firm to meet its short-term liabilities as they come due. 3.· It can, therefore, be seen that the first test which the pursuer must meet is in relation to liability.· On 11 February 1987 the plaintiffs succeeded in raising a sufficient sum to meet the liabilities and the receivers were discharged.· The plaintiffs were able to raise sufficient moneys to meet their liabilities and the receivers were discharged.· Scheme 2 is a closed scheme, with sufficient assets to meet its liabilities.· Normally, one only meets a non-cumulative several liability where it is annexed to joint liability.· For example, an exgratia payment is not automatically treated as meeting any liability stemming from the basic award. ► pay· The tax credit which accompanies a dividend matches the basic rate liability but the trustees pay additional rate tax of 10%.· Secondly, that liability to pay can only arise if the company goes into liquidation.· Clause 75 defines liability to pay as an individual liability that is dependent on the relationship that persons have with dwellings.· Can a landlord exclude liability to pay compensation by means of an express term in the lease?· He said he believed the planning option was considered informally, but rejected because of the liability to pay compensation. ► protect· One reason for this may be a desire to protect from criminal liability men whose conduct is not universally regarded as criminal.· It is to protect the insured against liability for the accidental death or injury to some one other than his employee.· It was held that the hotel could not rely on the notice to protect it against liability.· Exclusion of liability for breach of implied terms does not protect against liability for breach of an express term. ► provide· This endorsement provides liability cover for persons visiting the home in connection with the policyholder's work.· Do religious beliefs provide exemption from liability for child abuse? ► reduce· There are, however, two factors which might negate or reduce liability.· The losses suffered during the start-up phase of a business can be used to reduce the tax liabilities of the owners.· Answer guide: Reduce a liability, the loan, and reduce the asset bank.· Many high-income people can reduce their income tax liabilities very substantially by availing themselves of this loophole.· Even though incomplete, that disclosure would be sufficient to reduce their liability in law.· Approaches were made to lenders with a view to agreeing improvements in their procedures which would reduce the liabilities of the Compensation and Indemnity Funds.· For many pensioner couples, this should have the happy result of reducing their tax liability.· Answer guide: Reduce the asset bank and reduce the liability accruals. ► restrict· Policy factors which restrict liability in negligence cases do not apply in intentional torts.· Clauses which seek to exclude or restrict liability for misrepresentation are regulated by s3 of the Misrepresentation Act 1967.· Sections 2-3 are expressly restricted to legally enforceable liabilities. PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► liabilities► liability to something 1[uncountable] legal responsibility for something, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injuryliability for Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause.liability to your liability to capital gains taxliability to do something The court ruled there was no liability to pay any refund.2liabilities [plural] technical the amount of debt that must be paid OPP assets3[singular] someone or something that is likely to cause problems for someone: A kid like Tom would be a liability in any classroom.liability to The outspoken minister has become a liability to the government.4liability to something law the amount by which something is likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc → limited liabilityCOLLOCATIONSADJECTIVES/NOUN + liabilityfull liability (=complete responsibility)· The driver of the other car accepted full liability for the accident.limited liability (=when someone is responsible for damages or debts for a limited amount of money)· Limited liability encourages managers to take more risks with shareholder funds than they would otherwise.unlimited liability (=when someone is responsible for damages or debts for the full amount of money)· Under the agreement, the insurance company has unlimited liability.legal liability (=responsibility for something that is covered by laws)· What is the legal liability of an employer in the event of an accident at work?criminal liability (=responsiblity for injury or damage covered by criminal law)· A child under the age of ten cannot face criminal liability for its acts.civil liability (=responsiblity for injury or damage covered by civil law)· A company operating a ship which spills oil into the sea will face civil liability.tax liability (=a legal responsibility to pay tax)· The government is planning to increase the tax liability on company cars.personal liability (=when an individual person is legally responsible)· Directors can incur personal liability for errors made by their companies.verbshave liability· The parents of these children may have some liability.accept/admit liability· The company accepts no liability for any loss, inconvenience, or delay caused by a cancellation of train services.assume liability (=take the responsibility for something, which you did not have before)· You would then assume the tax liability for the account.incur liability (=be in a situation in which you must take responsibility for something)· The transfer of property will not incur a liability to inheritance tax.deny liability (=say you are not responsible for something)· The defendants continued to deny liability for Peck's death.escape/avoid liability· The defendant escaped liability by proving that he had taken all possible measures to avoid the accident.liability + NOUNa liability claim (=a claim that someone is legally responsible)· A liability claim was made by a consumer injured by the product.liability insurance/cover (=insurance that protects you against a liability claim)· Many house and contents insurance policies have provision for liability insurance for claims of negligence against you.
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