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单词 law
释义
lawlaw /lɔː $ lɒː/ ●●● S1 W1 noun Entry menu
MENU FOR lawlaw1 system of rules2 a rule3 law and order4 police5 what always happens6 study/profession7 sport/activity8 the law of the jungle9 the law of averages10 be a law unto himself/herself etc11 take the law into your own hands12 go to law13 be above the law14 there’s no law against something15 there ought to be a law against something16 somebody’s word is law
Word Origin
WORD ORIGINlaw
Origin:
Old English lagu
Examples
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES
  • Andrew is studying law at Harvard University.
  • Both specific and general laws on child prostitution exist.
  • By law, an advertiser can't use a person's name for commercial purposes without permission.
  • FIFA is the organization that runs world football and decides whether any of the laws should be changed.
  • I didn't realize I was breaking the law.
  • In 1873 French law was imposed in Vietnam.
  • It's against the law to be drunk in public.
  • Japan has very strict laws against guns and drugs.
  • Refugees are accorded special protection under international law
  • She practices law in New York.
  • The law defines drunkenness as a certain percentage of alcohol in the blood.
  • the law of gravity
  • the laws of cricket
  • The current gun laws vary from state to state.
  • the economic law of supply and demand
  • The soldiers were brought in to restore law and order after the riots.
  • This law makes it illegal to smoke in public places.
  • tough new laws on immigration
  • Under the new law, anyone who assists in a suicide faces 10 years in prison.
Thesaurus
THESAURUS
an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company: · the rules of baseball· He disobeyed the school rules.
an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey: · It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon.· The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.
an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization: · the regulations for applying for a passport· building regulations· environmental regulations on air pollution
an official rule that limits what people can do: · new restrictions on immigration· The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country.
rules or instructions about the best way to do something: · the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet· guidelines for classroom teachers
a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: · The school has a dress code for its students.· the company’s code of conduct
formal a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down: · The statute banned corporal punishment.
American English a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: · A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour.
Longman Language Activatoran official rule that everyone must obey
an official rule that everyone in a country or place must obey: · This law makes it illegal to smoke in public places.· The law defines drunkenness as a certain percentage of alcohol in the blood.law against: · Japan has very strict laws against guns and drugs. under the law/according to the law: · Under the new law, anyone who assists in a suicide faces 10 years in prison.law on: · tough new laws on immigration· Both specific and general laws on child prostitution exist.tax/gun/immigration etc law: · The current gun laws vary from state to state.
a set of laws, especially ones that are made to control a new problem: · Legislation is needed to stop the spread of computer pornography.· The legislation requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.legislation on: · new legislation on the sale of alcohol
a law made by parliament or Congress - used in the official name of a law: · the 1991 Prevention of Terrorism Act· The Wagner Act prohibited employers from firing workers for joining a union.
a new law that has to be approved by members of the government before it can officially become a law: · Monday's debate on the defense bill lasted all night.sign a bill (=to approve a bill so that it becomes a law): · The president signed a bill that will help more families move from welfare to work.
a law that has been officially established by the government so that it is written down as the law: · In New Mexico, a state statute permits one minute of silent prayer at the beginning of school.· Unfortunately his lawyer could find no statute or point of law preventing his client's imprisonment.
British /ordinance American a law made by local government that people in a particular area or place must obey: · Fishing on this river is forbidden under a local bylaw.· a city ordinance prohibiting smoking in government buildings
the whole system of laws of a country or place
the whole system of laws that everyone in a country or place must obey: · Andrew is studying law at Harvard University.· In 1873 French law was imposed in Vietnam.break the law (=disobey the law): · I didn't realize I was breaking the law.federal law American (=a law that everyone in the nation must obey): state law American (=a law that everyone in a state must obey): international law (=laws that govern how nations behave toward each other): · Refugees are accorded special protection under international lawby law (=according to the system of laws): · By law, an advertiser can't use a person's name for commercial purposes without permission.against the law (=illegal because it is not part of the system of laws): · It's against the law to be drunk in public.law and order (=respect for the system of laws): · The soldiers were brought in to restore law and order after the riots.
the laws and the way that they work in a particular country: · Many people here have no faith in the legal system and do not expect to receive justice from it.· The American legal system says that you are innocent until proven guilty.
part of a law or legal agreement
one of the parts, usually numbered, of a written law or legal agreement: · Article 1 of the constitution guarantees freedom of religion.· The country signed the treaty but then violated each of its 143 articles.
a part of a written law or legal document, concerning a particular point or idea: · I was told that this clause would be removed from the contract.· Courts ruled that prayer in school violates a clause of the First Amendment.
a detail that is missing from a law or legal document that makes it possible to avoid something in that law: · He pays very little tax because of some loophole in income tax legislation.close a loophole (=to add details to a law so that there is no way for people to avoid following it): · The new rules will close loopholes in British immigration law.
to make a new law
to accept a new law in a government or parliament, so that it officially becomes a law: · Congress has passed an education-reform law.· The law was passed with only a few MPs voting against.
to officially make laws that are intended to control a particular activity or situation: legislate against: · Should parliament legislate against experiments on animals?legislate on: · The government was under a lot of public pressure to legislate on equal pay.legislate for: · Thomas Jefferson said that Britain had no right to legislate for its American colonies.legislate something American: · States are legislating stricter automobile safety measures for young children.
ways of saying that a law is officially accepted
if a new or suggested law becomes law , it is officially accepted and starts to exist: · The Education Bill finally became law last month.· Until the Food Protection Bill became law, the ministry had no power to ban dangerous pesticides.
British also be on the books American if a law gets onto the statute book , it officially becomes a law: · The Employment Bill was passed in 1982 but did not reach the statute book until 1984.· The laws have been on the books for decades, but city officials failed to enforce them.
relating to the law
connected with laws and courts: legal advice: · People on low salaries can get free legal advice.legal battle/dispute (=when two people or organizations disagree about something, and this is judged in a court of law): · Neither side wanted a long and expensive legal battle.legal fees (=money you have to pay lawyers): · The American government does not pay the legal fees of Americans who are arrested abroad.
connected with making laws: legislative assembly/council/body: · The Liberal Party has won control of the legislative assembly.legislative power/authority/control: · Legislative authority rests with parliament.· The U.S. president has no legislative power, but he can make recommendations.
to do something that is a crime
: commit a crime/offence/murder etc do something that is a crime, especially a serious or violent crime: · Brady committed a series of brutal murders.· Women commit far fewer crimes than men.· It now seems likely that Mason was sent to prison for an offence he never committed.
to do something that is illegal: · I didn't realize that I was breaking the law.· Hamer acknowledges that what he did was wrong, but denies breaking the law.· Should journalists ever break the law in order to get a story?
to get into a situation in which you are blamed or punished for doing something illegal: · Logue got into trouble for drug violations.get into trouble with: · When he was a teenager, Wayne got into a lot of trouble with the police.
to begin a way of life that involves crime: · He claims that when he could not find work, he was forced to turn to crime.· Kramer said that he turned to crime in a bid to pay off his debts.
if someone has a criminal record, they have been found guilty of a crime in the past, and this information is officially recorded by the police or the courts: · A background check confirmed that he had a criminal record.· Loman has a lengthy criminal record.
to not obey a rule or law
to not obey a law or rule: · Protesters disobeyed the law and blocked the city's main roads.· Troops openly disobeyed orders, refusing to use force against their own people.
to not do what a rule or law says you must do: · Students who break the rules and smoke in school will be suspended.· I do not want my sons' TV role models to be tough, cool guys, who break laws and kill people. break the law: · If you fail to buy a ticket before you get on the train, you are breaking the law.
formal to disobey or do something that is against a rule, agreement, principle etc: · This action violated the constitution and the Civil Rights Act.· Police have arrested twenty people, accused of violating a ban on demonstrations.
also ignore to pay no attention to a law, rule, or to what someone has told you to do, and behave as if it does not affect you. Disregard is more formal than ignore: · Many cyclists ignore the law and ride around at night without lights.· I tell her to come home by 10 o'clock, but she just ignores me.· Marlow sometimes disregards the law, but his aim is always justice.· By disregarding speed limits and passing red lights, we somehow got to the airport in time.
formal to break a particular written law, rule, or agreement: · The sale of untreated milk may contravene public health regulations.· If a licence holder contravenes any of these conditions, their licence will be withdrawn.
: flout a rule/law etc to deliberately break a law or a rule, especially because you think it is unnecessary or stupid: · Many bar owners flout the laws on under-age drinking.· Thousands of people are killed on our roads every year, yet a majority of us insist on flouting speed limits.
to do something that is illegal
· If you break the law, you must expect to be punished.· You're breaking the law if you drive without wearing a seat belt.· In many cases, people who have been released from prison will break the law again.
: commit a crime/an offence/burglary/murder etc to do something that is a crime, or that is a particular type of crime: · Detectives believe that the crime was committed at around 7.30 pm.· Most violent crimes are committed by young men under the age of 25.· She later claimed that she did not realize she was committing an offense.
if something a company or government does contravenes a particular law, it breaks that law, especially unintentionally - used especially in legal or official contexts: · Penalties for contravening the laws on food hygiene have been increased.· Any interference in one country's domestic affairs by another country contravenes the UN charter.
to do something that is not allowed by the rules of an organization, game etc: · Any student caught breaking the school rules was immediately sent to the Principal.break the rules on: · Athletes can be fined thousands of dollars for breaking the rules on steroid use.
to break a law, especially one that protects someone's rights: · If a teacher makes copies of software for students, he or she is infringing copyright.· Arrangements for widow's pensions infringed laws on equal pay and treatment.
illegal
forbidden by law: · Scott was arrested for being in possession of illegal drugs.· In those days, abortion was illegal.· Large numbers of illegal immigrants crossed the border at night.it is illegal (for somebody) to do something: · It is illegal to sell tobacco to children under 16.· Since 1990, it has been illegal for the US to develop or possess biological weapons.make something illegal: · Gorbachev wanted to make all strikes illegal, but the Soviet parliament refused to accept such a ban.
to be illegal: · Driving a car without insurance is against the law.it is against the law (for somebody) to do something: · In Britain, it's against the law to own a gun without having a licence.· Nowadays it is against the law for a teacher to hit a child in any circumstances.
if something is a crime it is illegal and you can be punished for it: · Violence in the home is a crime, just as much as violence from a stranger.it is a crime (for somebody) to do something: · It should not be a crime for people to criticize their own government.
illegal - use this especially about something that could be legal if the situation in which it was done was different: · The court ruled that the raid had been unlawful.· unlawful employment practicesunlawful arrest/killing/imprisonment etc (=the illegal arrest, killing etc of someone): · Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest is entitled to compensation.
: criminal activities/behaviour/offence etc activities, behaviour etc that can be severely punished by law: · Cruelty to animals is a criminal offence.· It was estimated that Walker had made around £100,000 from his criminal activities.
illicit activities or goods are illegal and usually kept secret: · Illicit diamond exports are said to be worth over $200 million.· Marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States.
if a type of behaviour or an activity is against the rules , it is not allowed by the rules of an organization, game etc: · Smoking in the school building is strictly against the rules.it's against the rules to do something: · It's against the rules to touch the ball with your hand.
allowed by law
something that is legal is allowed by law: · This trade in foreign currency is perfectly legal.become legal: · Divorce finally became legal in 1992.· Over 3,000 gay couples have married since it became legal for them to do so last year. legal tender (=forms of money that are legally accepted): · In Maastricht, Dutch Guilders, Deutschmarks and Belgian Francs are all considered legal tender.
formal actions or methods that are lawful are allowed by law, especially as compared with actions or methods that are not legal: · Protesters must only use lawful methods of opposing the government.it is lawful to do something: · It is lawful to employ someone under the age of sixteen if their parents agree.· The FBI will use all reasonable and lawful means to gather intelligence information.· 'Do you take this woman to be your lawful wedded wife?' intoned the priest. 'I do,' murmured Carlos.
legitimate activities, organizations, or claims are done or work according to, normal laws and rules: · He is a criminal who runs a legitimate business as well.· Tobacco smuggling into the UK is seriously affecting the profits of legitimate importers.· How can I be sure that an on-line business is legitimate?· At least three of the dead woman's relatives have a legitimate claim to her house.· The government has refused to recognise the far-right group as a legitimate political party.
an activity or a way of doing business that is above board is done legally, even if it may seem slightly dishonest: · He assured us that the insurance claim was honest and above board, but I'm not so sure.· I'm sure Peggy wouldn't let anything happen that wasn't perfectly open and above board.
: act/keep/stay/remain/operate within the law to make sure that what you do is legal: · He makes tough business deals, but he makes sure he always stays within the law.· Security forces must not only act within the law, but must be seen to do so.· Building contractors must operate within the law by ensuring that an acceptable standard of work is carried out.
formal whether something is legal or not: the legality of something: · The European Court will decide on the legality of his claim.· The union immediately challenged the legality of the decision.be of dubious/questionable/uncertain legality (=when it is not clear whether something is legal or not): · The Appeal Court judge said that his conviction was of dubious legality.· This was the first of several actions that were of questionable legality, and which eventually led to his resignation.
when the law says you must do something or have the right to do it
your legal rights, duties etc are the ones that the law says you have: · Consumers have the legal right to demand their money back if a product is faulty.· the legal duties of a parent· The alcohol content of his blood was three times over the legal limit.· The clerk to the court will reject any document that does not meet the legal requirements.the legal owner (=the owner according to the law): · She now become the legal owner of the land.
: statutory right/duty/payment etc a right, duty etc that the law says you have: · When you buy something, you have certain statutory rights as a consumer.· Local authorities have a statutory duty to house homeless families.· Officers have a statutory obligation to report any crime committed by a government employee.· The statutory fine for this offence is $250.
legal, according to the system of rules of a country: · Nobody seemed to know whether the President's action was constitutional or not.· A court decision in 1954 ruled that segregated education was not constitutional.constitutional rights: · The court will rule on whether the prisoner's constitutional rights were violated.
if something is done according to the law , it is done as the law says it should be: · The police must ensure that all interviews and interrogations are carried out according to the law.· Islamic court officials said the men would be tried according to Sharia Muslim law.· According to Singapore law, the immigration officers were within their rights to refuse me admission.
if something must be done by law , it must legally be done: · By law, the purchase must be completed within a month after the contracts are signed.be required/allowed by law: · The wearing of seat belts in cars is required by law.· Donations must not exceed the limits that are allowed by law. · The government is required by law to provide education for all minors.
a rule
an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, or in a school or organization: · No one's allowed to ride with the driver. That's a company rule.· It says in the rules that every child has to wear school uniform.against the rules (=not allowed by the rules): · It is strictly against the rules for athletes to take drugs.break a rule (=disobey it): · I have no sympathy for Jonson. He broke the rules and got caught, that's all.rules govern something (=say how something should be done): · There have been some changes in the rules governing the use of safety equipment.hard and fast rule (=a definite fixed rule): · These are just guidelines, not hard and fast rules.
an official rule made by a government or organization, which is part of a set of rules: · Under the new regulations, coach drivers must take a break every four hours.building/planning/environmental regulations: · The building regulations are very strict about the materials you can use.safety/fire regulations: · Safety regulations affecting dangerous fluids must be scrupulously observed.comply with/conform to a regulation (=be correct according to a regulation): · All cars sold in Germany must conform to the regulations laid down by the Federal Road Safety Board.contravene/breach a regulation formal (=do something that is forbidden by it): · Anyone who takes milk from an unhealthy cow will be contravening public health regulations.
an official rule that limits what people can do: restriction on: · There are restrictions on what you can bring into the country. Alcohol, for example, is totally forbidden.impose a restriction (=bring it into operation): · The restrictions imposed by the censors make objective reporting of news impossible.lift a restriction (=stop it from operating): · Congress voted to lift trade restrictions against Iran.travel/price/import restrictions (=rules that limit the amount that someone can travel, how much something can cost etc): · For a while they tried using price restrictions as a way of controlling inflation.
one of the rules that say how a sport should be played: · FIFA is the organization that runs world football and decides whether any of the laws should be changed.law of: · the laws of cricket
a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: code of: · He will be dealt with under our code of discipline.code of practice (=rules saying what a particular type of organization should or should not do): · A new code of practice governing the advertising of tobacco products is being introduced.code of conduct (=rules saying how members of a profession should behave): · Hobbs had blatantly ignored the legal profession's code of conduct.moral/religious code: · people who follow some strict religious code
a set of rules - use this when you think the rules are too detailed or cause unnecessary inconvenience: · There were so many petty rules and regulations that some companies stopped trying to export their products.
rules of acceptable behaviour
the rules and customs of acceptable behaviour, which are generally accepted by the members of a group or society: · He is a flamboyant millionaire who ignores social conventions.convention of: · She shocked her neighbours by ignoring every convention of respectable society.a matter of convention: · It is a matter of convention that male business people usually wear suits.defy convention (=do something unconventional): · For the next four years they defied convention by living as man and wife when they were not.
the system of rules for behaviour on official occasions: · According to protocol, he was to arrive at the meeting exactly five minutes early.breach of protocol (=behaviour not according to protocol): · Touching the Queen was a breach of royal protocol.
the rules of polite behaviour in society or in a particular group: · Etiquette is especially important on occasions such as weddings and funerals.breach of etiquette (=behaviour not according to etiquette): · It was considered a breach of etiquette to refuse an invitation.professional etiquette (=the etiquette followed by people working in a particular profession): · Professional etiquette dictates that judges should not express their opinions about a case in public.
a rule or way of behaving that is not official but is accepted by most members of a society or group: · It was an unwritten law of the Mafia that nobody should talk to the police.· Jobs like this never go to women -- it just seems to be one of those unwritten laws of business.
informal the commonly accepted rules for polite behaviour when you are communicating with other people on the Internet: · Sending an angry e-mail in capital letters breaks the rules of netiquette.
a place where people over 18 can study
a place where students study one or two subjects at a high level, in order to get degrees: · the University of Chicago· In 1986 32% of Saudi Arabian university professors were women.go to university British: · She wants to go to university to study biology.be at university British: · Both my sisters are at university.
in the US a university; in Britain, a place where people can study academic subjects or practical skills after they leave secondary school, but which does not give degrees: · The grant money is for low-income college students.go to college: · My brother never went to college, but he still has a very good job.be at college British: be in college American: · Our youngest daughter is in college now.graduate from college: · We hadn't seen each other since we graduated from college.college graduate (=someone who has successfully completed college): · Many college graduates are unable to find work in their field.
American informal a university or similar institution: go to school (=study at a college or university): · Phil gave up his job, and he's going back to school next year.
a university or part of a university where you study law, medicine, or business: · My father always wanted me to go to law school.· Harvard Business School· He's applied to all the best medical schools in the country.
American use this about education that takes place after a student has finished high school: · Eighty-five percent of high school students in the program go on to post-secondary education.· post-secondary institutions
especially British /graduate American use this about advanced education that takes place after a student has finished a university degree, or about students who study at this level: · She got a degree in history last year, and now she's doing a postgraduate course.· postgraduate research· We met when we were both graduate students at Berkeley.
education at a university or similar institution: · The U.S. community college system is the largest system of higher education in the world.· More women than ever are going on to higher education.
classes for adults, often in the evenings, either because they want to improve their skills or for interest and enjoyment: · The government needs to do more to fund adult education for the unemployed.
to give orders in a rude, unpleasant way
also order somebody about British if someone orders you around or orders you about , they keep telling you what to do in an annoying or unfair way, and they seem to enjoy it: · You won't get the best out of your staff by ordering them around like that.· I wish you'd stop ordering me about -- I'm not your servant you know.
to order someone to do things in a rude, impatient, and often threatening way: · I'm sick and tired of being pushed around by him.· You shouldn't let other people push you around -- you've got to stand up for yourself.
also boss somebody about British to keep giving someone orders in an annoying way, even though you have no authority to do so: · My brother's always bossing me around and making me clean up after him.· She's a strong-minded woman -- she doesn't let anyone boss her around.
to tell people what they should do in an annoying way because you enjoy giving orders and think that you are always right: · If Bob starts laying down the law, just tell him to shut up.
to use your position of authority to tell other people what to do, in an unreasonable way: · She likes to throw her weight around -- it makes her feel important.· Why is everyone so upset? Has George been throwing his weight around again?
Collocations
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY Meanings 1 & 2verbs
· Citizens have a duty to obey the law.
(=do something illegal)· Is the company breaking the law?
· New Jersey passed a law requiring helmets for scooter riders.
(=officially be made a law)· For a bill to become law, it must be approved by both Houses of Parliament.
· Part of the function of Parliament is to make laws.
· In 1989, a new law was introduced to protect the Polish language.
(=make people obey a law)· It is the job of the police to enforce the law.
(=deliberately disobey a law)· Employers who flout the law should be properly punished.
(=officially end a law)· Many people want the law to be repealed.
(=says that it is not allowed)· The law prohibits possession of these animals.
phrases
(=it is illegal)· The children knew that shoplifting was against the law.
(=not do illegal things)· The security forces must act within the law.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + law
· the country’s strict anti-tobacco laws
· an accountant who knows about tax law
(=laws concerning crimes)· Criminal law contains definitions of such crimes as murder, rape, and robbery.
(=laws concerning disagreements between people, rather than crimes)· The punishment for breaking civil law is usually a fine.
(=laws that all countries agree to obey)· Under international law, the countries must respect the treaty.
· This is not an offence under English law.
(=the law of the US, not a particular state)· Under federal law, it is illegal to discriminate against employees because of race or sex.
(=the law in a US state)· Under state law it was illegal for any public official to receive gifts worth more than $100.
(=laws that have come from customs and the decisions of judges)· In common law, if a house is rented out, it is expected that the house is safe to live in.
(=law based on previous court cases)· There is little case law covering this issue.
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
 Article 47 may only be used in accordance with international law.
· In the 40 years since the Abortion Act became law there have been repeated attempts to amend or repeal it.
 The use of certain drugs is against the law (=illegal).
 new tougher antitrust laws
 His first brush with the law came when he was 16.
(=never breaking the law)· Most of the people in this town are law-abiding citizens.
· You may be asked to give evidence before a court of law.
· I’m more interested in criminal law than civil law.
· I decided to do a Maths degree.
· Federal laws dictate how land can be used.
· He wants the police to enforce the law and arrest the men.
 law enforcement
 He is worried that his teenage kids will fall foul of the law.
· She was offered a job with a law firm.
(=someone who will be your wife, husband, son-in-law etc)
 a law-abiding citizen
 restrictions on press freedom, such as libel laws
 He won’t escape the long arm of the law.
 The government may declare martial law in response to the latest violence in the region.
 In May, martial law was lifted (=ended) in most areas.
 The inhabitants of the island fight a constant battle against the forces of nature.
· She’s the sort of person who always obeys the rules.
 The first Transport Act was passed in 1907.
 The company is to be prosecuted under the Health and Safety Act.
· Approximately 40% of law students are women.
(=study a subject at a school or university) Anna is studying French literature.
 the law of supply and demand
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE
· At civil law, in fact, he has no right in personam either.· Federal officials began to violate the civil rights laws in addition to refusing to enforce them.· The civil law position is less problematical.· Furthermore, Days noted that technicalities in the criminal civil rights laws made conviction difficult.· There is a basic distinction in the laws of this country between the criminal and the civil law.· The council is finishing work on a civil service law.· Since nodding can be described only as a formless act, clearly the civil law had no interest in it.· Normal practice in civil law countries is very different.
· This violates such deep-seated feelings of justice that it has proved to be unacceptable under any criminal law jurisdiction.· None of the committee members in these crucial years specialized in criminal law or family law.· Juxtaposing criminal law and legal theory offers a number of intellectual enquiries.· In criminal law, heat of passion refers to a violent and uncontrollable rage.· It was argued in Chapter 2 that the criminal law ought to spread its net wider where the potential harm is greater.· In this chapter I want to examine what is known about criminal justice and law enforcement as they affect women.· Further, the current mode and role of criminal law teaching has consequences for legal education in general.
· Campaigners say his case reveals the unhealthy power that big busi ness holds over the federal law makers.· A federal law spells out the penalties for missing the deadline to cut air pollution.· We are now circulating petitions calling for a federal law to ban handguns.· The federal government will give California a $ 3. 7 billion block grant for welfare under the new federal law.· The attorney general responded that an indictment under federal law could be invoked only when a federally protected right was violated.· This is obviously a case that should not have been tried under federal law in the first place.· It also alleges violations of state and federal antitrust laws and public nuisance laws.· The Administration argues that federal law and prison policy conform to this approach for the most part.
· This was to ensure by international law that children everywhere would be covered for all their needs.· The United States sees intellectual property rights as sacred, said Thomas Klitgaard, an attorney specializing in international law.· The range and quality of Jenks's contribution placed him among the foremost writers on international law of his generation.· Diplomats say that immunity should not be used to avoid culpability, but it has had a meaningful place in international law.· What is needed is an acceptance of our responsibilities under international law.· It must pursue policies in both its judicial and executive branches that uphold an international rule of law.· Yet international law, not some quirk of humanity, requires that under certain circumstances it must be done.· Such a situation is one which allows other countries to put aside international law and act according to their own judgments.
· These firms know what the local law is, and could filter some Internet content as demanded by it.· The school security specialists also want local law enforcement officials and school administrators to improve their cooperation to stem the violence.· In general local law societies disagreed with the question, although they found it difficult to reach a consensus on the issue.· The rulings were created and administered by the local law society which represents all interested professional parties.· The laws vary from country to country; overseas readers should check local laws.· There was considerable support for the latter suggestion from private practitioners in all types of firm and from local law societies.· In the main, local law societies answered the question negatively, or simply stated that it was a matter for the lender.· But local law society activities can go beyond serving the interests of their members and other lawyers.
· Qiao Shi, the intelligence chief who had abstained in the martial law vote earlier, endorsed an immediate army crackdown.· Troops were deployed in Kwangju at midnight on May 17, just as Chun was declaring nationwide martial law.· In mid-1990, martial law was formally lifted but the security clamp down remains currently in force.· You and your men will be under martial law henceforth.· Bhutto's relations with the Army deteriorated after her refusal to impose martial law in Sind under Article 245 of the Constitution.· Subsequently, Stoneham declared martial law, brought in all available troops, and suppressed the disorder.· It was the biggest demonstration since the lifting of martial law in 1988, and was estimated by police to number 10,000.· A slim majority of 52 percent said martial law harmed the country, while 43 percent said dictatorship brought benefits.
· However, the natural law governing committees soon took hold and progress was glacially slow.· Law was no longer conceived of as an eternal set of principles expressed in custom and derived from natural law.· What inversion of values makes us to look upon such aberrations as though they were a reflection of natural laws?· Smith propounded natural laws behind the new reality.· Musical form is no exception to this natural law.· Once these causes are discovered we no longer have a miracle, but natural law...· It is also conceivable that there are still natural laws which are still to be discovered and named.· The physicist's problem is the problem of ultimate origins and ultimate natural laws.
· It seems to be that there will be two consequences of the new law.· A new state law says they have to figure out a way to recycle it.· In that year a new law was passed to make divorce easier and simpler.· The federal government will give California a $ 3. 7 billion block grant for welfare under the new federal law.· Friends of the Earth is urging local authorities to use the new laws as a means of prosecuting polluting dump sites.· The effect of the new law on high-rise and condominium dwellers is less clear, pending federal action expected later this year.· Nor has it dealt with the question of a new citizenship law, though the Solingen atrocity has revived debate about this.· Under a new federal immigration law, non-citizens who vote are ineligible for naturalization and can be deported.
· More important for most purposes of private law than citizenship is domicile.· There is no private law firm where the defeated candidates can retire.· The essence of a private law employment relationship is a mutual obligation to engage in an economic exchange of labour in return for remuneration.· Instead we have to give it to a private law firm known for its political clout.· The first, the Digest, was the classical Roman private law of the jurists.· Rather we should begin by asking why we have a distinction between public and private law.· The question of whether, as a matter of private law, individual solicitors were entitled to a pay-out, was irrelevant.
· The trouble is that the public backs the law but not the means to make it work.· It was established by a public law signed by the President in August 1987.· Functionalism in public law views this apparatus of government as serving to promote a distinct set of purposes.· All persons engaged in public administration serve in a special legal relationship whereby the public law institution is the employer.· Its state legislators refused to adopt public accommodations laws for their counties.· These are essentially public law functions.· The basic objective of these writers was to project an image of public law.
· There were some striking continuities in terms of the survival of Roman law and custom and language.· Formulary procedure was the classical procedure of Roman law.· Most of the wordings initially used for trusts in Roman law are words that could be described as precatory.· The discovery that Roman law had anticipated the position in modern equity is of great interest.· The Roman law system is historically the most important and influential of all the historic legal systems.· In comparison, Roman law had shown itself flexible and responsive to the interests of creditors.· The first, the Digest, was the classical Roman private law of the jurists.
NOUN
· The roots of the law of confidence lie in equity and it is almost entirely case law.· Because the Internet is new, there is little relevant case law in this area.· My own views as to the proper limits of jurisdictional control will be spelt out after a consideration of the case law.· I said the case law could change and we would get nothing.· This has less support in the case law than the previous two tests.· After a consideration of the theories, the case law from both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries will be examined.· Relevant well-established civil court case law is based on the general provisions of the Civil Code relating to the conclusion of contracts.· Would it seek merely to codify the existing case law or to reform on the existing case law?
· The reason can perhaps be found in the fact that company law as an academic discipline boasts no long and distinguished pedigree.· Until recently company law, with its relative freedom from stringent regulations, reflected this national belief.· Yet company law doctrine has failed to acknowledge this.· This point can perhaps also be illustrated by some of the recent legislative reforms of company law.· Rather, the focus on shareholder interests results from a private conception of the company and company law.· It is therefore not unlikely that before long Parliament may abolish the ultravires rule in company law altogether.
· The law courts are venal and can take decades to decide a case.· Demonstrators taking part in a sit-in in front of the law courts were beaten up by police.· The law courts are also having a field day.· It was in this period too that a club's control over a player was first challenged in the law courts.· People preferred the more formalized and anonymous procedures of the law courts.· It has law courts, government offices and a university.· After successive delays, aided by the law courts, the new deadline for payment is Thursday.· The law courts, with their outside staircase, are also impressive.
· Neither case was an edifying example of law enforcement.· But as more information emerged, law enforcement officials began dampening speculation that the incident was connected to the abortion controversy.· The Home Office said that it had received representations from law enforcement agencies.· It sent a message to law enforcement officers: Open season on immigrants.· Breaking the cycle Soon, Gwinn was explaining the San Diego strategy to law enforcement officials in other states.· In response, President Fillmore issued a proclamation asking citizens to cease interfering with law enforcement officers.· Accornero, a 24-year law enforcement veteran, was appointed chief in 1994.
· In retrospect, this represented both an opportunity and threat to law firms.· Sacks, a Boston intellectual-property law firm.· The historic deal, hammered out with the 60 law firms representing the Castano case, is intriguing.· Hillary Clinton was questioned about the mysterious appearance of her law firm billing records.· Federated spokeswoman Carol Sanger Tuesday confirmed that the company has retained a law firm but declined to say for what purpose.· Burling, law firm, Washington, $ 33, 200.
· These immigration laws established two important principles of future immigration policy.· The federal government has sole responsibility to enforce immigration laws, including the prevention of illegal entries into the United States.· It is the racism written into, and demanded by, Britain's immigration laws.· Even some misdemeanor offenses, if they draw maximum one-year sentences, can now be deemed aggravated felonies under federal immigration law.· For the first time, the order will put companies that violate immigration law at risk of losing their federal contracts.· Although she was for tough immigration laws, she was fundamentally concerned about the civil rights of immigrants and citizens...· The basis for the rejection was the section of the immigration laws barring people affiliated with the Communist Party.· And he has been negotiating with the Congress over the budget and our immigration laws.
· Though he entered law school, Kelly was teaching dance a few months later.· He was then only twenty-one, a callow aristocrat fresh from law school.· Procaccia, the law school dean, believes the intent of the compensation bill is to save money.· He was a young lawyer, just out of law school.· He says he does a little bit of everything here, and always has in his law school jobs.· Sharif was educated at a college and law school in his home town.· Indeed, they are going to law school, too.
· Mr Hibberd refused, citing state laws that allow a journalist to protect a source.· What if state law requires a daily flag salute?· Some state laws specifically provide that tenured teachers can be dismissed for economic reasons.· In both types of cases, there were technical violations of state law.· Texas state law does not allow for the substitution of an independent candidate once he has won a spot on the ballot.· The use of such meat by-products as heart meat, tongue meat, and tripe is permitted unless prohibited by state law.· The saguaro is a protected plant under state law.· California law allows residents to carry the spray, and city officials said state law would take precedence.
· And Green had developed a passion for a university law student he met at work in Salford, Greater Manchester.· Well, consider an instant poll of a class of first-year law students, asked Tuesday who they wanted for their dean.· In Iasi, a provincial city in the north-east of the country, more than 70 lawyers and law students attended.· And then I became the observer of law students in and out of our home.· Six years before, she had shocked her family and class by marrying a destitute Berkeley law student.· And the law students themselves created a fellowship fund to support recent graduates for one year following graduation in a public-interest organization.
· We support whenever we can the interests of museums, both with respect to the tax laws and otherwise.· The tax laws prohibit you from trying to recover from your employees taxes that you were required to pay on their behalf.· Officials are already concerned he does not spend enough time there to qualify for the 12 percent tax laws.· Actually, 1995 was the lowest year for California tax law changes that I can remember.· The 12 also chipped away at one of the other stumbling blocks, the need to harmonise tax laws across the Community.· Federal tax law bars use of such funds to further a political agenda.· The tax law provides for a deduction of the fair market value of the work of art.· They help take the guesswork out of tax law by translating convoluted jargon into plain-folks language.
VERB
· After 1854 appeals to the Supreme Court on matters of law were allowed.· In 1856 the laws were changed to allow two engravers full Academic titles, and another two those of Associates.· Texas state law does not allow for the substitution of an independent candidate once he has won a spot on the ballot.· We see how algebraic laws allow us to give a precise and succinct description of each operator.· The law will allow 750, 000 accounts to be set up.· The law allows enormous scope for interpretation and those who interpret are not friends of ours.· In most states, recently passed laws now allow citizens to carry concealed handguns.
· Some significant social policy measures have become law in this way.· What had been a matter of church policy is about to become law.· In Britain the Equal Pay Act became law in 1970.· Elsewhere they dragged their feet until it became clear that the laws were unenforceable.· On average 10-12 Private Members' Bills become law each session.· I become independent of physical laws of food, of shelter, of life.· If the bill became law, manufacturers using chemicals obtained from local species would have to pay a royalty to the state.· A bill to let workers carry health insurance coverage from one employer to another should be a sure bet to become law.
· But he claimed they were well aware they were breaking the law and were prepared to face the consequences.· A good union officer must give the sense that if he had to do it, he might break the law.· You won't have broken the law if you do not follow it.· Nobody considers the tax money needed to keep a young man in jail when he drops out and breaks the law.· Anyone who tries to stop them will be breaking the law.· I guessed that you were breaking the law in some way.· Even breaking the law, it was fairly humane.
· It does not seek to change physical laws, only to delay them.· The judges ruled that it was the job of Parliament, not the courts, to change the law.· When they change the law Spike and I will marry immediately.· An affronted Legislature has changed the law so that Texas governments can no longer sue those seeking records.· If the federal government is to change the law, it will need to act quickly, while the outrage lasts.· So the judges, once again by their own fiat, simply changed the law.· This probably changes the existing law, making the offence more difficult to prove.· For health insurers in California, the rules distinctly changed with a state law that took effect in July.
· He'd heard rumours that the military were planning to declare martial law.· Madison, the Supreme Court has declared 141 federal laws unconstitutional, an average of less than one law every year.· Emergency regulations empowered the government to declare virtual martial law at will.· Troops were deployed in Kwangju at midnight on May 17, just as Chun was declaring nationwide martial law.· To restore order, the government declared martial law.· When a federal district court first heard the case, it declared the federal law unconstitutional.· Subsequently, Stoneham declared martial law, brought in all available troops, and suppressed the disorder.· When the Supreme Court declares a state law unconstitutional, similar statutes in other states are not automatically voided.
· We are legally allowed to fight when protecting ourselves, our family, or when enforcing the law itself.· The federal government has sole responsibility to enforce immigration laws, including the prevention of illegal entries into the United States.· Gratuitous promises can not be enforced at law.· He simply notified the attorney general of a threat to the public peace and asked him to enforce federal law.· Greenpeace claim that the Authority is failing in its statutory duty to gather the necessary evidence to enforce the law.· Responsibility can be enforced by strong laws.· It implies that the police fully enforces every law against the citizen.· First, the Universe appears perfectly symmetrical in the ways it enforces its laws.
· You can impose any laws and traditions you care to invent.· This structure can neither impose law upon its members nor force one of them to adopt a policy with which it disagrees.· Bhutto's relations with the Army deteriorated after her refusal to impose martial law in Sind under Article 245 of the Constitution.· Unlike past military rulers, General Musharraf has neither imposed martial law nor suppressed fundamental rights.· The duty of care is imposed by law but the standard is a matter of medical practice.· The king says he will impose martial law if anything similar happens again.
· Of course consent to obey the law is not a necessary condition of such an attitude.· Our citizens want to obey the law.· Citizens have an obligation to obey law by virtue of the fact that it is made in accordance with established procedures.· I guess it depends on whether you obey traffic laws or not.· Is there a primafacie obligation to obey the law which transcends the limits of the state's authority?· They will always obey the law.· Bodies are substantial, exist in space, obey mechanical laws.· The question of whether this administration is willing to obey the law is too simplistic, we are told.
· It was very good to pass a special law for that.· In most states, recently passed laws now allow citizens to carry concealed handguns.· In due course, the government's response was to pass a law and appoint an Alkali Inspector named Angus Smith.· As a result of increased public interest, more than a dozen states have passed laws that prohibit insurers from genetic discrimination.· He made the decisions, he passed the laws.· I see well. meaning legislators across the land passing laws against themselves as if the victim will always be some one else.· The fear is that if they are published, Parliament will pass a law against smearing politicians.· Catholics passed laws against intermarriage between people of the two faiths.
· Balancing is required by the law of conservation of matter.· The government is required by law to provide education for all minors, regardless of their circumstances.· Prevention requires laws to be clear, simple and universally supported.· They contend that the commissioner is required by law to enforce the anti-redlining regulation, regardless of personal preference.· His first appearance, an arraignment to enter a plea of guilty or not-guilty, is required by law.· The building is about 60m by 10m, and inside are the lobster tanks that are required by law.· The bags are required by law to inflate in a fraction of a second, fueled by hot gases.
· Governor William Donald Schaefer signed the bill into law within hours of its enactment by the House.· Havel signed the law on Oct. 17, but said that he would be seeking amendments to it.· But the two chambers must agree on a final version before Clinton can sign it into law.· President Clinton has promised to sign it into law.· Mike Leavitt has signed into law a bill banning public schools from granting recognition or access to gay or lesbian student groups.· President Clinton signed telecommunications reform into law last month.· President Clinton signed a law last year that requires states to make information on sexually violent criminals available to the public.
· In addition, Tesoro said it filed a counterclaim alleging that the shareholders' group has violated securities laws.· Federal officials began to violate the civil rights laws in addition to refusing to enforce them.· A federal court ruled this month that Napster helped users to violate music copyright laws.· Y., consented to permanent injunctions barring them from violating securities laws.· But court records show how poachers violated wildlife laws without fear of punishment in his courtroom.· He was charged with violating national security laws because of his membership in the Secret Association for Independence.· People Open, thriving enterprises do not exclude people in ways that violate fair-hiring laws.· No financial penalties were imposed, but the men were ordered not to violate securities laws in the future.
Phrases
PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY
  • But it is better than the law of the jungle, where might equals right.
  • The law of averages says we're due for a win.
  • Basically, if you believe the law of averages, 1996 should be a year for mutual funds to cool their heels.
  • By the law of averages, one such application must finally succeed.
  • She was a law unto herself and did what she wanted to do.
  • Citizens should not be expected to take the law into their own hands.
  • At the time, she was intending to go to law school with a view to taking over her father's law firm.
  • I might go to law school next year, and I wanted to find out if I liked it.
  • Indeed, they are going to law school, too.
  • Merrill plans to work for a year, perhaps abroad, and then go to law school.
  • So the museum has gone to law to get the pictures back.
  • So we've been left with no other avenue but to go to law.
  • Well, what else could I do with a history and humanities interest outside of teach or go to law school?
  • When I go to law schools to speak, I recognize them immediately.
  • A young man died, and nobody is above the law.
  • But Democrats applauded, generally taking the pious view that the White House can never be above the law.
  • County Administrator Wang thought he was above the law.
  • Judges declare Jockey Club is above the law.
  • One of the negative reminders of Watergate is that the highest officials of government often are above the law.
  • The great judge Lord Denning in a historic judgment once said that no one, however mighty, was above the law.
► there’s no law against something► there ought to be a law against something► somebody’s word is law
  • Neighborhood leaders are working with police to maintain law and order.
  • The new government is gradually restoring law and order.
  • His party claims to be the party of law and order, the family, back to basics.
  • I have tried to show the real gap between Labour and the Conservative party and Government on matters of law and order.
  • Indeed, it would represent a complete breakdown, not just of law and order, but of all civilised values.
  • It arises from the need to maintain law and order.
  • My hon. and learned Friend will be glad to welcome the 16.7 percent. increase for the law and order programme.
  • Periodic law and order - it's elementary!
  • Sentencing policies, as a result of law and order campaigns mean the prisoners are younger and more likely to be black.
  • The hon. Gentleman again raised the question of law and order.
  • He's in trouble with the law again.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► common-law marriage/husband/wife
  • If Bob starts laying down the law, just tell him to shut up.
  • Parents need to lay down the law regarding how much TV their children watch.
  • By eleven o'clock I was standing in front of Patterson's desk laying down the law.
  • It is unfortunate that Mrs Gardner's thoroughness did not extend to laying down the law about insurance.
  • MacFarland said I would do well in his class and laid down the law about doing well in the others.
  • Ron, too, was laying down the law.
  • She would lay down the laws.
  • Steadily I disappointed Paquita, who believed it was my job to lay down the law with Clarisa.
  • They made a move for the piano, but we laid down the law and soon redirected their energy to sightseeing.
  • Well, there was nothing for it, I had to lay down the law in no uncertain terms.
  • The builders may have adhered to the letter of the law, but not its spirit.
  • A month afterwards the teams will be sent out to discover whether retailers are sticking to the letter of the law.
  • By sticking to the letter of the law, the spirit of the law may be lost.
  • Some one who did not feel obliged to follow the letter of the law, or the instructions of the judge.
  • Sticking to the letter of the law v. sticking to its spirit.
  • The agent counsels them obliquely against waste, repeats the letter of the law, and smiles.
  • The heart of all this is going beyond the letter of the law with your clients.
  • At present rules of a legislative nature are not generally subject to natural justice. 2.
  • But Aristotle did not conceive of natural laws based on mathematical principles.
  • If he perceives that there is a likelihood of bias, the rules of natural justice have been broken. 2.
  • It may have failed in the course of the inquiry to comply with the requirements of natural justice.
  • Lord Denning restricted the full application of the rules of natural justice on the ground of national security.
  • Some commentators take a different view, seeing a broader significance in the shift from natural justice to fairness.
  • The injunction is important in public law in the context of the rules of natural justice.
  • They have always presented a problem for the application of natural justice.
► possession is nine-tenths of the law
  • However, we are not that much nearer to a world order dominated by a fair application of the rule of law.
  • In putting this case we should first recollect the third pillar in Dicey's concept of the rule of law.
  • No one can read the Pentateuch and conclude that justice is just concerned with private property and the rule of law.
  • This extradition is a victory for all who believe in the rule of law.
  • Violent picketing also threatened the rule of law.
  • We have to follow the rule of law.
  • De Niro plays a lawyer, on the right side of the law.
► sign a bill/legislation/agreement into law
  • In Sanchersville, she opened a storefront law office perforating the heart of the ghetto.
► be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc► get on the wrong side of the law
Word family
WORD FAMILYnounlawlawyeroutlawlawfulnesslawlessnessadjectivelawful ≠ unlawfulverboutlawadverblawfully ≠ unlawfully
1system of rules [uncountable] (also the law) the whole system of rules that people in a particular country or area must obey:  Elected officials ought to obey the law.by law By law, seat belts must be worn by all passengers.under English/international etc law This is illegal under English law.2a rule [countable] a rule that people in a particular country or area must obey:  laws passed by Parliamentunder a law Five people arrested under anti-terrorism laws were released without charge.law on European laws on equal opportunitieslaw against The laws against drug use were very strict.► see thesaurus at rule3law and order a situation in which people respect the law, and crime is controlled by the police, the prison system etc:  We are concerned about the breakdown of law and order in the country.4police the law the police:  I think she may be in trouble with the law.5what always happens [countable] something that always happens in nature or society, or a statement that describes thislaw of the law of supply and demand the laws of nature the law of gravity6study/profession [uncountable] (also the law) law as a subject of study, or the profession of being a lawyer:  She’s studying law in London.7sport/activity [countable] one of the rules which controls a sport or activity:  the laws of football8the law of the jungle a)the idea that people should only look after themselves and not care about other people if they want to succeed b)the principle that only the strongest creatures will stay alive9the law of averages the probability that one result will happen as often as another if you try something often enough:  The law of averages says we’ll win at least once.10be a law unto himself/herself etc to behave in an independent way and not worry about the usual rules of behaviour or what other people do or think:  Boys his age are a law unto themselves.11take the law into your own hands to do something illegal in order to put right something that you think is not fair, for example by violently punishing someone instead of telling the police:  vigilantes who take the law into their own hands12go to law to go to court in order to settle a problem:  the right of consumers to go to law if they need to13be above the law someone who is above the law does not have to obey the law:  Many ministers seem to regard themselves as being above the law.14there’s no law against something spoken used to tell someone who is criticizing you that you are not doing anything wrong15there ought to be a law against something spoken used to say that you do not think something should be accepted or allowed:  There ought to be a law against cutting off power supplies in the middle of February.16somebody’s word is law used to say that someone is always obeyed without argument → Sod's law, → lay down the law at lay, → unwritten law at unwrittenCOLLOCATIONS– Meanings 1 & 2verbsobey the law· Citizens have a duty to obey the law.break the law (=do something illegal)· Is the company breaking the law?pass a law· New Jersey passed a law requiring helmets for scooter riders.become law (=officially be made a law)· For a bill to become law, it must be approved by both Houses of Parliament.make laws· Part of the function of Parliament is to make laws.introduce a law· In 1989, a new law was introduced to protect the Polish language.enforce a law (=make people obey a law)· It is the job of the police to enforce the law.flout a law (=deliberately disobey a law)· Employers who flout the law should be properly punished.repeal a law (=officially end a law)· Many people want the law to be repealed.a law prohibits something (=says that it is not allowed)· The law prohibits possession of these animals.phrasessomething is against the law (=it is illegal)· The children knew that shoplifting was against the law.stay/act within the law (=not do illegal things)· The security forces must act within the law.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + lawstrict/tough· the country’s strict anti-tobacco lawstax/copyright/divorce etc law(s)· an accountant who knows about tax lawcriminal law (=laws concerning crimes)· Criminal law contains definitions of such crimes as murder, rape, and robbery.civil law (=laws concerning disagreements between people, rather than crimes)· The punishment for breaking civil law is usually a fine.international law (=laws that all countries agree to obey)· Under international law, the countries must respect the treaty.English/German etc law· This is not an offence under English law.federal law (=the law of the US, not a particular state)· Under federal law, it is illegal to discriminate against employees because of race or sex.state law (=the law in a US state)· Under state law it was illegal for any public official to receive gifts worth more than $100.common law (=laws that have come from customs and the decisions of judges)· In common law, if a house is rented out, it is expected that the house is safe to live in.case law (=law based on previous court cases)· There is little case law covering this issue.
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