单词	failure
释义	failurefail‧ure /ˈfeɪljə $ -ər/ ●●● S3 W2 noun Entry menu MENU FOR failurefailure1 lack of success2 unsuccessful person/thing3 failure to do something4 business5 machine/body part6 crops Examples EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES His ability has been called into question after a number of recent failures. I feel like such a failure. It has become the most expensive bank failure in U.S. history. She never tries anything because she's terrified of failure. The failure of the international community to deal effectively with the problem has cost thousands of lives. The failure of the peace talks has led to increased tension on the streets. Their first attempt to climb Mount Everest ended in failure. EXAMPLES FROM THE CORPUS Heart failure means that the heart muscle is not pumping well enough to meet the need for oxygen-rich blood. If the plaintiff was thrown forwards and injured, then clearly failure to wear a seat belt is contributory negligence. Innovation demands risk, and risk brings with it the possibility of frequent failure. Now, swept by red wave upon wave, she had to expiate her failure. Perhaps it is a movie about the promises and failures of public works in and since the New Deal. The fragility of life is now characterised by an electricity failure or a virus in computers. There are various possible reasons for these failures, including errors of recognition and errors of spelling. This occurs because the gastrointestinal absorption of magnesium is not depressed in chronic renal failure. Thesaurus THESAURUS► failure noun [countable] someone or something that is not successful: · The book was a complete failure.· I felt a complete failure. ► flop noun [countable] informal something that is not successful because people do not like it – used especially about a film, play, product, or performance: · Despite the hype, the movie was a flop at the box office.· Their next computer was a flop. ► disaster noun [countable] used when saying that something is extremely unsuccessful: · Our first date was a disaster.· Their marriage was a total disaster. ► fiasco noun [countable usually singular] something that is completely unsuccessful and goes very badly wrong – used especially about things that have been officially planned, which go very wrong: · The baggage system broke down on the first day the airport was open. It was a complete fiasco.· The fiasco came close to ending de Gaulle's political career. ► debacle noun [countable usually singular] formal an event or situation that is a complete failure, because it does not happen in the way that it was officially planned: · the banking debacle that has put our economy at risk ► shambles noun [singular] especially British English if a situation or event is a shambles, it is completely unsuccessful because it has been very badly planned or organized, and no one seems to know what to do: · The first few shows were a shambles, but things soon got better. ► washout noun [singular] informal a failure – used when something is so bad that it would be better if it had not happened: · The play wasn’t a complete washout; the acting was okay.· His most recent and ambitious project, a big-budget Hollywood film, was a washout with both critics and audiences alike. ► turkey noun [countable] informal something that is so bad and unsuccessful that you think the people involved should be embarrassed about it – a very informal use: · At the time most people thought the car was a complete turkey.· Since then he has appeared in a string of turkeys. Longman Language Activatorwhen you do not succeed► fail · We tried to make her change her mind, but we failed.fail to do something · I failed to convince him that I was right.· Having failed to find her friend, she decided to return home.fail completely · If they were trying to put us out of business, they have failed completely.fail miserably (=fail completely, in a way that is embarrassing) · Millions of people have tried to quit smoking and failed miserably. ► failure when you fail in something you are trying to do: · She never tries anything because she's terrified of failure.· His ability has been called into question after a number of recent failures.failure to do something: · The failure of the international community to deal effectively with the problem has cost thousands of lives. ► not make it informal to fail in your job, especially because you do not earn a lot of money or do not become well known and respected: not make it as: · No one was surprised when he didn't make it as a rock star.not make it in: · She soon realized she'd never make it in the cut-throat world of journalism. ► get nowhere to fail after trying hard for a long time: · Unless you compromise, you'll get nowhere.get nowhere with: · Realizing she was getting nowhere with Paul, she approached John. ► for nothing if all your work, preparation etc is for nothing , you have tried to achieve something and spent a lot of time on it, but failed: · If we don't get the contract all our hard work will have been for nothing.· I don't want to struggle all my life for nothing. ► in vain if you tried to do something in vain , or if your efforts were in vain ,you completely failed after a lot of effort: try/search/battle etc in vain: · Doctors tried in vain to save him but he died just before dawn.· Police have spent hours searching in vain for the missing teenager.be in vain: · It took a great deal of courage to admit that all her efforts had been in vain. ► draw a blank British /come up empty-handed American informal fail to find or discover information or a person or thing you are looking for: · Once again police investigators have drawn a blank.· The private detective she hired to look for him had come up empty-handed. when a plan or attempt fails► fail if a plan or attempt fails , it does not achieve what you want it to achieve: · They said the latest space mission was bound to fail.· Try changing the spark plugs, but if that fails take the car to a mechanic.fail to do something: · The investigation failed to establish the cause of the accident.something never fails: · The only way I can make her help me is to pretend I don't want her help. It never fails. ► failure when a plan or attempt fails : failure of: · The failure of the peace talks has led to increased tension on the streets.end/result in failure: · Their first attempt to climb Mount Everest ended in failure. ► not succeed to fail: · Hoover's attempts to boost the economy did not succeed.· I argued that neither strategy could succeed.not succeed in doing something: · The campaign might not succeed in eliminating the disease, but it would make people think about health and hygiene. ► unsuccessful an unsuccessful attempt to do something does not have the result that you wanted: · The army made an unsuccessful attempt to end the rebellion.· I regret to inform you that your application was unsuccessful. ► vain : vain attempt/effort/search a serious attempt, effort etc that is completely unsuccessful: · I remembered all my vain attempts to change his mind.· He stretched up his arms in a vain effort to reach the top of the embankment. ► fruitless : fruitless attempt/search/effort etc one that fails completely to bring the result that you want: · I spent the next three hours in a fruitless search of her room.· After weeks of fruitless argument they finally agreed to go their separate ways.· Their attempt to settle the dispute by peaceful negotiations proved fruitless. ► unproductive a meeting, discussion etc that is unproductive produces very few good results: · The meeting was long and noisy, but unproductive.· It was one of those unproductive confrontations between students and senior members of the university. ► be a failure to be unsuccessful - use this especially about something that fails even though it was very carefully planned: · The government's expensive election campaign had been a failure.be a complete/total failure: · There was a 5-year plan to modernize the economy, but it was a complete failure. ► go wrong if a planned attempt to do something goes wrong , it fails after it has started well: · The experiment went wrong when the chemicals combined to form a poisonous gas.go badly wrong British (=fail completely): · The rescue attempt went badly wrong when the building collapsed. ► not work if a method or attempt does not work , it fails because it is not suitable or not right for the situation you are in: · I tried to fix it with glue, but that didn't work.not work with: · Teaching methods that work with adults do not always work with children. ► do no good if something you do to try to help or deal with a problem does no good , it does not have any useful effect: · Calm down Robyn. Getting hysterical will do no good.· You can try and persuade her to change her mind, but I don't think it'll do any good.do no good whatsoever (=have no useful effect at all): · Judges expect a certain level of competence, so staging a little-girl-lost act in court will do no good whatsoever. ► fall through if a plan, arrangement, or deal falls through , something stops it from happening, with the result that people are disappointed: · The deal fell through because they couldn't get enough money from the bank.· It was unbelievable -- it took two years to set the whole thing up and it fell through at the last minute! ► be dead in the water if a business or political plan is dead in the water, it has failed completely, almost before it has even started - used especially in newspapers: · Their election campaign now appears to be dead in the water. when an event or product is unsuccessful► be a failure · The latest model seems likely to be a failure since cheaper versions are now available.be a complete/total failure · It takes a little while for an author to realize that his book has been a complete failure. be a commercial failure (=to not make enough profit) · Her first film was praised by the critics, but was a commercial failure. ► be a fiasco to be completely unsuccessful, in a way that makes people feel disappointed and embarrassed: · It was a fiasco! Nobody knew what they were doing and everything went wrong.· The show turned into a fiasco when members of the audience invaded the stage.be a complete/total fiasco: · Lamont's attempts to prop up the pound were a complete fiasco. ► be a disaster if an event, especially a social event, is a disaster , it makes people feel angry, disappointed, or embarrassed, instead of being enjoyable: · Our first date was a disaster.· The whole visit was something of a disaster, and he was still recovering from it months later.be a total/complete disaster: · Even the host would have to admit that the evening had been a complete disaster. ► be a shambles if a situation or event is a shambles , it is completely unsuccessful because it has been very badly planned or organized: · The whole conference was a shambles because half the speakers did not come.· The way this school is run is a shambles.be a complete/total shambles: · Let's hope this year's celebrations aren't a complete shambles like last year's. ► flop/be a flop if a product, play, or performance flops or is a flop , it is not successful because people do not like it: · The movie flopped and Laughton never got the chance to direct again.· It was just another so-called "wonder product' that flopped when people failed to buy it.· Despite all the publicity, the show was a flop.· It is the public who decide whether a film will be a hit or a flop. ► bomb informal if a product, play, or performance bombs , it is not successful because people do not like it: · Although the show was a hit in London it bombed on Broadway.· She has had few offers of work since her last movie bombed so spectacularly. WORD SETS► Finance above the line, adjectiveabsorption rate, acceptance sampling, accountant, nounaccount balance, accounting, nounaccounting rate of return, accrued cost, accrued income, accumulation unit, acid ratio, actual price, A/D, adjustable peg, nounADR, nounadvancer, nounAER, aftermarket, nounAGI, aging schedule, agio, nounAICPA, allottee, nounallowable, adjectivealternative investment, amortizable, adjectiveannual earnings, annual income, annual value, annuity, nounappraiser, nounappropriate, verbappropriation, nounappropriation account, arb, nounas at, prepositionas of, prepositionasset, nounasset backing, asset shuffling, nounasset stripping, nounasset-stripping, verbasset turnover, asset value per share, Association for Payment Clearing Services, nounassured value, at best, adverbat call, adverbaudit, verbauditor, nounauditor's report, auto-financing, adjectiveaverage stock, backdate, verbbackup withholding, nounbackwardation, nounbad debt recovery, bail-out, nounbalanced fund, balance sheet, nounBaltic Exchange, nounbankroll, nounbase rate, nounbasis point, bed-and-breakfasting, nounbellwether, nounbelow the line, adjectivebeneficial owner, best efforts, adjectivebeta coefficient, nounbid and asked, adjectivebill rate, Black Friday, nounBlack Thursday, nounBlack Tuesday, nounBlack Wednesday, nounblank transfer, bond, nounbond fund, bond premium, bookbuilding, nounbook debt, book entry, book-keeper, nounbook-keeping, nounbottom fisher, nounbought deal, bourse, nounbreakeven, nounbreak-up value, buildings and contents insurance, buoy, verbbuoyancy, nounbuoyant, adjectivebusiness angel, nounbusiness entity, business manager, buyback, nounbuy-in, nounbuying power, buying price, buy limit order, buy order, buyout, nouncabinet bid, callable, adjectivecallable fixture, nouncap and collar, nouncapital appreciation, capital asset pricing model, capital charge, capital dilution, nouncapital equipment, capital flow, nouncapital gain, capital invested, nouncapitalization of reserves, nouncapitalize, verbcapitalized, adjectivecapital movement, nouncapital outlay, capital rationing, nouncapital stock, capital sum, capital surplus, capital transfer, capital value, CAR, carried down, adjectivecarried forward, adjectivecarried over, adjectivecarryback, nouncarryforward, nouncarrying charge, carry-over, nouncash account, cash at bank, nouncash basis, nouncashbook, nouncash column, cash equivalent, cash flow, nouncashless, adjectivecash management, cash price, CBOT, c/d, certificate of deposit, nouncertificate of occupancy, nouncertified public accountant, nounCFO, chain of title, nounChapter 7, nounChartered Financial Consultant, nounchartist, nounchattels real, nounChicago Board Options Exchange, nounChicago Mercantile Exchange, nounChinese wall, nounchurning, nounCISCO, nounclawback, nounclean opinion, nounclearer, nounclearing agent, nounclosed-end, adjectiveclosely held, adjectiveCMA, CME, COGS, collection ratio, Comex, nouncomfort letter, commercial agent, common ownership, company doctor, company limited by guarantee, nouncompany limited by shares, nouncomparables, nouncomparable-store sales, compensate, verbcompensating error, completion date, compound, verbcompound annual rate of return, nouncompound interest, nouncomptroller, nounComptroller and Auditor General, nounComptroller General, nounComptroller of the Currency, nouncompulsory purchase order, concert party, nounconsistency concept, nounconsolidated accounts, consolidator, nounConsols, nouncontango, nouncontinuous inventory, contra account, contra-asset account, contract note, controller, nouncontrol period, conversion premium, cooling-off period, nounco-operative society, corporate investment, cost, verbcost of goods sold, nouncounting-house, nouncoupon sheet, nounCPA, nounCPI, cramdown, nouncredit, nouncredit, verbcredit card payment, credit facility, creditor turnover rate, nouncredit quality, credit repair, credit standing, credit status, creeping control, CREST, nouncurrency pair, nouncurrency peg, nounDaily Official List, nounday book, nounday order, dead cat bounce, death futures, debt capital, debt ratio, decliner, noundeed of conveyance, noundeferred credits, noundeferred income, deferred share, degearing, noundeleverage, noundelinquent tax certificate, delivery date, demand note, dematerialize, verbdemonetize, verbdemutualize, verbdenominated, adjectivedeposit certificate, depository institution, deposit protection fund, noundepreciable life, depreciation account, deprival value, derivative lease, direct exchange, direct investment, direct labour, directors register, discount brokerage, discount loan, discretionary account, discretionary order, discretionary spending, diversifieds, noundivestment, nounDJIA, dollar-cost averaging, noundollars-and-cents, adjectivedomestic investment, double declining balance, double-witching, noundown payment, noundowntick, nounDPS, drawdown, noundrawing account, dual capacity, noundual listing, due, adjectivedue diligence, earn, verbEasdaq, nouneconomic, adjectiveeffective rate, emissions unit, encash, verbequity, nounequity investment, ERM, nounerror of commission, nounerror of omission, nounerror of posting, nounerror of principle, nounethical investment, Euribor, nounEuro.NM, nounEuropean interbank offered rate, exceptionals, nounexchange arbitrage, exchange of contracts, nounex gratia, adjectiveexpense ratio, expiration date, face amount, factor cost, factoring, nounfailure, nounfair value, fand, nounFederal funds, fee absolute, nounfigure, nounfinal accounts, final distribution, finance charge, Financial Accounting Standards Board, nounfinancial investment, financials, nounfinancial services, financial supermarket, financial year, nounfinancier, nounfirst in, first out, nounfirst-quarter, adjectivefixed assets, nounfixed costs, nounfixed-income investment, fixed investment, fixtures and fittings, nounfloater, nounflood insurance, flowback, nounflow of funds, nounfocus list, foreign investment, freehold possession, free movement, nounfriends, nounfront-running, nounfull-year, adjectivefully-subscribed, adjectivefunder, nounfungible, adjectivefutures, nounfuture value, FY, G & A, gainer, noungilts, nounGinnie Mae, nounGLOBEX, nounGNMA, noungolden share, golds, noungood-faith money, government investment, greenshoe, noungross, adjectivegross income, gross investment, group accounts, grubstake, nounguaranty, nounhealth warning, nounhigh end, nounhigh flyer, nounhigh-yield, adjectiveHip, nounholding, nounholding company, nounholdout, nounhomeowner's insurance, home repair, household insurance, idle balance, imprest, nouninactive account, incentive fee, income and expenditure account, income share, incubator space, index-linked, adjectiveindirect exchange, industrials, nouninherit, verbinheritance, nouninjection, nounIN.SECTS, nouninstitutional investment, interest cover, International Monetary Fund, nounInternational Securities Exchange, nouninvest, verbinvestment, nouninvestment income, investor, nouninvestor resistance, issuance, nounissue flop, nounissuer, nounkerb market, key money, large-cap, nounlast in, first out, nounlast sale, leaseback, nounleasehold possession, ledger, nounledger clerk, legal investment, lending rate, nounletter of comfort, nounleverage, verblifecycle cost, LIFO, like-for-like, adjectiveliquidity, nounliquid ratio test, loading, nounloan-to-value ratio, London Clearing House, nounM & A, management charge, mandatory general offer, margin account, market order, material fact, nounmature, adjectivematurity, nounmid-cap, nounMMC, mortgage protection insurance, multiple (share) application, municipals, nounNational Market System, nounNational Savings Stock Register, nounNBV, net, adjectivenet, verbnet 10/eom, adverbnet 30, adverbnet annual value, net asset backing, net asset value, net book value, net income, net interest, net investment, net present value, net realizable value, nominal accounts, nominal price, nominal value, non-payment, nounnon-recurring, adjectivenote issuance facility, NPV, NTA, number-cruncher, nounOEIC, offer for sale, nounoff-market, adjectiveon demand, adverbopen interest, nounopen-market, adjectiveopen outcry, nounoperating income, option, nounoption premium, option pricing model, options contract, order-driven, adjectiveorigination, nounoutflow, nounoutturn, nounoutward investment, overallotment, nounoverborrow, verboverbought, adjectiveovercapitalized, adjectiveovergeared, adjectiveoverissue, nounoverlend, verboverseas investment, overtrade, verbowner-operator, nounP&L, packager, nounpaperchase, nounpar value, pass-through, nounpawn, verbpayables, nounpay and file, nounpaying agent, payout ratio, PDR, pension fund, nounpension plan, nounPE ratio, performance guarantee, permission to build, nounpersonal investment, petrodollars, nounPink Sheets, nounplanning application, plat book, pledgee, nounplot plan, pooling of interests, nounpork bellies, nounportfolio, nounpoundage, nounppd., prelease, verbpremium bond, nounpresale, nounprice-sensitive, adjectiveprimary share, prime-1, nounprime tenant, principal, nounprivate company, private income, nounprivate investment, privately-owned, adjectiveprivate placing, proceeds, nounprofit-taking, nounpro-forma, adjectivepro-forma invoice, prompt date, prompt note, property, nounproperty investment, pro rata, adjectiveprorate, verbpublic investment, publicly-held, adjectivepurchase journal, nounpurchases account, purse, nounp.w., quote-driven, adjectiveramping, nounrandom walk, nounratable, adjectiverateable value, rate of return, nounrating agency, real, adjectivereal accounts, real estate investment, realization concept, nounrebound, verbreceiver, nounreceivership, nounrecoup, verbrecuperate, verbred ink, nounredlining, nounrefunding, nounRegional Stock Exchange, nounregistered stock, REIT, nounremarket, verbREMIC, nounremit, verbremittance, nounrent, verbrental, nounrent-free, adjectiverepatriate, verbrepurchase agreement, research manager, reserve requirement, reserves, nounresidual value, resource, verbresults, nounretainer, nounretirement plan, nounreturn, verbreturn, nounrevenue, nounreverse share split, risk analysis, nounrisk profile, ROA, root of title, royalty payment, ruin, verbsale and repurchase agreement, sales account, sales budget, sales charge, sales returns account, salvage value, nounsame-store sales, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, nounsaving, nounSavings and Loan Association, nounSEATS, nounsecondary shares, second-tier share, securities house, security rating, self-dealing, nounself-liquidating, adjectiveSETS, nounsettlement date, settling day, nounshare application, share exchange offer, share manipulation, share split, shark repellent, nounshelf registration, Ship, nounshort-covering, nounshort-term gain, sinking fund, nounsiphon, verbsliding peg, nounsmall-cap, nounSOX, nounspeculate, verbspeculation, nounspeculative, adjectivespeculative investment, squeeze, verbstk., stockbrokerage, nounstock count, nounstockholding, nounstock parking, nounstock valuation, stop order, straight line, adjectivestructural analysis, sublet, verbsubsidize, verbsubsidy, nounsubvention, nounsum of the digits, nounsundries account, super voting rights, sustainability index, swaption, nounsystematic risk, technical analysis, technical analyst, technical correction, technicals, nountenant at sufferance, nountenant at will, nountenant for years, nountenant in common, nounterm, nountippee, nountipper, nountip sheets, nountotal, verbtrading loss, trading profit, transfer, verbtransfer agent, transfer register, trigger point, triple-A, adjectivetriple-witching, nountrue and fair view, nountrust, nountrust company, trustee, nountrusteeship, nountrust fund, nounturnover ratio, undercapitalized, adjectiveundercharge, verbunderfunded, adjectiveunder-investment, noununderreport, verbundervalued, verbunderwriting power, unearned income, ungeared, adjectiveunitize, verbunit of account, noununsystematic risk, upfront fee, uptick, nounvault cash, vendor placing, Wall Street, war chest, nounweak, adjectiveworking capital, nounwrite-off, nounwritten-down value, yield spread, yield to call, nounyield to maturity, nounYTD, YTM, zaitech, nounZ-score, noun Collocations COLLOCATIONS FROM THE ENTRY Meanings 1 & 2verbs► end in/result in failure · A series of rescue attempts ended in failure. ► be doomed to failure (=be certain to fail)· The rebellion was doomed to failure from the start. ► admit failure · He was too proud to admit failure. ► accept failure · Being able to accept failure is part of life. ► avoid failure · She was anxious to avoid failure. adjectives► complete/total/utter failure · The project ended in total failure. ► abject/dismal failure (=used to emphasize how bad a failure is)· The experiment was considered a dismal failure. ► a personal failure (=a failure that is someone's personal fault)· He considered his inability to form long-term relationships to be a personal failure. ► economic failure · Economic failure drove the government out of office. phrases► fear of failure · Fear of failure should not deter you from trying. ► the risk/possibility of failure · The risk of failure for a new product is very high.· The possibility of failure was sufficiently high for the auditors to warn investors. ► an admission of failure · Dropping out of college would be an admission of failure. ► a history of failure (=a situation in which someone has failed many times in the past)· Some children have a history of failure at school. ► a string of failures (=a series of failures)· The team has had a string of failures in recent games. ► a sense of failure · People may feel a sense of failure if they admit they have ended up in a job they hate. ► the consequences of failure · The political consequences of failure would be defeat at the next election. failure + NOUN► a failure rate · There is a high failure rate in the restaurant industry. COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES► admission of guilt/defeat/failure etc  Silence is often interpreted as an admission of guilt. ► brake failure (=when brakes do not work)· What should you do in the event of a brake failure? ► cardiac arrest/failure (=when the heart stops working) ► crop failure (=failure to grow or produce food)· Ethiopia's 1989 crop failure was disastrous. ► dismal failure  Her scheme was a dismal failure. ► be doomed to failure/defeat/extinction etc  Many species are doomed to extinction. ► engine failure (=when an engine stops working suddenly)· Their aircraft suffered engine failure and crashed into the sea. ► ignominious defeat/failure/retreat etc ► judge something a success/failure (=consider it to be a success/failure)· The concert was judged a success. ► mechanical failure  The flight has been cancelled due to mechanical failure. ► meet with success/failure (=succeed or fail) Our attempts at negotiation finally met with some success. ► a failure/loss of nerve (=a situation in which someone lacks the courage to do something)· They accused the government of a loss of nerve. ► the success/failure rate · The success rate is still extremely low. ► signal achievement/success/failure etc  The university has done me the signal honour of making me an Honorary Fellow. ► total failure/disaster  The sales campaign was a total disaster. COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSADJECTIVE► acute · In this regard, increased plasma renin activity and decreased renal prostaglandin production have been reported in patients with acute liver failure.· This is seen commonly in acute renal failure, and less commonly in chronic renal failure.· Mrs Barnett, 35, suffered acute liver failure after a rare reaction to a drug.· The following example is illustrative: Case 1-4 A 60-year-old man developed acute oliguric renal failure.· Other adverse reactions due to systemic absorption, such as hypoglycaemia, rash, and acute renal failure, are rare.· Hypercalcemia has been observed in the diuretic stage of acute renal failure.· Discussion A problem in studying acute renal failure is the lack of a clearly agreed definition. ► complete · You look like you have blown up like a balloon and you feel that you are a complete dieting failure.· But engineers concluded that even a complete failure of the non-critical, rubber O-ring would not endanger the lives of shuttle astronauts.· And then at the end, that they should be complete failures.· They said they were looking at complete liver failure, and swelling of the brain.· But was the move really a complete failure?· And the attempt to start an avalanche of donations was a complete failure.· The first run-through was a complete failure.· In practice, of course, many cases fall between complete success and complete failure. ► dismal · Jimmy Johnstone's life after football has been a catalogue of defeats and dismal failures.· The play, of course, is a dismal dramatic failure and survives only as a curiosity.· It was a dismal failure. 1926-27 found him hawking a play round London offices with no potential takers.· This debate will no doubt continue, and clearly no project is either a complete success or a dismal failure.· The Gallipoli campaign ended in dismal and costly failure, with withdrawal from the peninsula commencing on 19 December.· They are especially dismal failures in this regard because in fact they support these prejudices.· It was a dismal failure, and was followed by restrictive legislation against the unions and by victimization of many union activists. ► mechanical · Police say mechanical failure has not yet been ruled out.· The crashes have been attributed to a variety of problems, from human error to software glitches to mechanical failure.· It was no goddam accident, no goddam mechanical failure, some one deliberately unhitched that car.· Nothing, save an accident or mechanical failure could keep him from winning.· Take-off even in the conventional manner is a critical phase, unforgiving of mechanical failure or human error.· If it proves to be a mechanical failure, additional safety measures may be required.· Due to mechanical failure the remaining six races had to be abandoned.· For a long time, three main theories dominated discussion of the tragedy: bomb, missile or mechanical failure. ► renal · Patients aged under 18, bedridden patients, and patients with renal failure or a history of kidney transplantation were excluded.· Patients with renal failure are, in effect, undergoing an osmotic diuresis since solute load per remaining functioning nephron is increased.· The results in patients with chronic renal failure are interesting, but clinically irrelevant.· This is seen commonly in acute renal failure, and less commonly in chronic renal failure.· This definition would not identify severe renal failure in children.· However, end-stage renal failure caused by chronic hypokalemia is extremely rare in humans.· Fever, muscle rigidity, and seizures may produce rhabdomyolysis and subsequent renal failure.· This occurs because the gastrointestinal absorption of magnesium is not depressed in chronic renal failure. ► total · Now she finally had to admit that it had all been a total failure.· A small indulgence is viewed as a total failure, and uncontrolled rebound eating follows.· This work must be well organised and error-free on the night or the result will be total failure.· If this occurs, the buyer can no longer claim to have suffered a total failure of consideration.· But they must also provide powerful facilities to reduce the proportion of total failures and to aid demanding and persistent users.· This is an absolute necessity and to work in defiance of it means total failure.· The risk of total failure is, of course, part of the price of love. NOUN► business · Moreover, business failures are expected to continue rising, especially among small firms.· The inability to control this growth is a major cause of business failures.· However, historical reviews of business failure rates show that the incidence of new product failure is very high and costly.· There are plenty of business failures.· It has stoked catastrophic business failures and contributed to increased unemployment.· Mr. Campbell Business failures are now running at 57 percent. in the north-east and 65 percent. nationally.· A sizeable proportion of these cases were suspected arson and were related to increased business failure because of high interest rates.· The Government wants to reduce penalties for honest business failures while increasing the maximum penalties on dishonest bankrupts. ► crop · The short-term cause of overriding local significance were the droughts and crop failures in 1920 and 1921.· After that, depending on the region, comes the danger of drought and crop failure.· Global warming will deeply affect poor countries, leading to huge numbers of refugees, crop failures, and extreme weather.· But buy some reserve seeds in case of crop failures or for successive sowings of fast-maturing varieties such as lettuce and radishes.· Both the 1987 and 1989 crop failures followed good years.· Tight supplies worldwide have kept traders focused on any potential crop failure.· So whether the problem be set aside, crop failure or simple loneliness, the message to farmers is clear.· Years of drought, crop failure and migration have meant that land is continually withdrawn from active production. ► engine · The cause of engine failure was at length discovered.· There were two aircraft casualties, a Zero crashed on take-off from the Hiryu and a Kate suffered engine failure.· An investigation into the crash found no evidence of engine failure - the problem was loss of power.· Pilots normally feather propellers for two reasons: because of engine failure or a racing propeller.· This means a catastrophic engine failure could send a fragment into the wing and ignite the fuel vapour.· Although the cause of the accident remained under investigation, eyewitnesses said the plane apparently suffered engine failure. ► heart · She died penniless, in 1951, of liver and heart failure.· In congestive heart failure, it is diminished because of low cardiac output and reduced arterial distending pressure.· In fact the late Malcolm Forbes died from heart failure.· Starting soon, some one from the Massachusetts center will check up several times a week on senior citizens with congestive heart failure.· Life expectancy for all patients is middle age, and heart failure is the leading cause of death.· If the patient develops early overt congestive heart failure it is contraindicated, but do seriously consider it later.· But fainting, and heart failure, is possible. ► kidney · Most of what is known about acute aluminium poisoning comes from studying patients treated for kidney failure by dialysis.· People with kidney failure are increasingly undergoing bypass and vessel-opening procedures.· He actually died of kidney failure, set off by a viral infection probably contracted during a Masonic meeting in mid-November.· Long-term use led to heart damage, stroke, kidney failure, and psychosis in some cases.· Voice over Kidney failure has meant Rebekah has suffered from anaemia, low energy and restricted growth.· Kumi was 29 days old when she was euthanized after it was found she had kidney failure and was in severe pain.· Of the 195 hospital cases, 55 developed kidney failure and four children died.· If it fails, diabetes may develop, which can cause blindness and kidney failure. 7. ► liver · This patient died of liver failure 2 months after the second operation.· Prolonged use of the liquid, which keeps children alive in the beginning, often causes liver failure later.· In 1973 Wendy Ellis, poor Wendy, a spinster, died aged thirty-five of liver failure.· This caution can not be overstated in light of the decreased glomerular filtration often present in chronic liver failure.· Death is mainly because of exsanguination or liver failure.· She developed progressive liver failure and required a liver transplant.· In this regard, increased plasma renin activity and decreased renal prostaglandin production have been reported in patients with acute liver failure.· They said they were looking at complete liver failure, and swelling of the brain. ► market · This is a specific form of market failure, since the market left to its own devices does not give sufficient knowledge.· There is far greater willingness for action-both individually and collectively-to tackle market imperfections and market failures.· In this event there is said to be market failure.· An additional source of market failure is externalities.· Quite apart from market failure, another reason for rejecting unregulated market coordination is the inequality of social outcomes it produces.· On the supply side, there are two main sources of market failure.· We now review both the theory and evidence of such market failures and the implications for government intervention in sports markets. ► power · Finally, an emergency lighting kit should always be ready in an accessible place, in case of a sudden power failure.· This will prevent the loss of much of your work in the event of a power failure or other mishap.· Breaking the weak link proved a bigger hazard than actual cable breaks or power failures.· The last locally-caused power failure of greater magnitude was the Loma Prieta earthquake in October, 1989.· Half way between Victoria and Gatwick there was a power failure, the lights went out and the train ground to a halt.· The average freezer will keep food frozen for two days in the time of a blackout or a power failure.· It's only a power failure.· Utility officials said the blackout was unrelated to small power failures in San Francisco neighborhoods Monday and Tuesday. ► rate · However, historical reviews of business failure rates show that the incidence of new product failure is very high and costly.· We do not recommend birth control or encourage birth control in any way, except to point out its failure rate.· This was an incredible result bearing in mind the general statistics of 98 percent failure rates reported for most dieting attempts.· Over and over again, the studies showed huge failure rates.· After all, there is a 100 percent marriage failure rate for their generation of the House of Windsor.· Because of their high failure rate, small entrepreneurial companies will continue to be volatile places to work.· This course is largely taken by candidates from overseas and there has been a worryingly high failure rate.· Diets work for some Numerous studies show both the failure rates of boomerang diets and an inherited susceptibility to obesity. VERB► cause · Famine is caused by a failure of distribution, rather than a simple lack of food.· Prolonged use of the liquid, which keeps children alive in the beginning, often causes liver failure later.· They have been caused by the failure to impose it consistently.· When something goes wrong, what caused the failure?· Operators used high-voltage induction coils, with the result that the insulation deteriorated, probably causing the cable's failure.· A breakdown in communications between these departments can cause slowdowns and a failure to meet production schedules.· The rubber boot is to stop ingress of dirt, etc. into the splines, causing premature failure.· Could it have been an accident caused by some failure of the pod controls? ► comply · The court may intervene where there has been a failure to comply with express procedural requirements.· No company had yet lost government business for failure to comply, but the law was on the books.· A failure to comply with the Order is an offence under the above Act.· Equally, you may have a right of redress if you are dismissed for failure to comply with an unjust order.· This is a matter which can not be too carefully watched since failure to comply renders the member liable to heavy penalties. ► doom · But his resistance was doomed to failure as the courtiers' position was confirmed by several royal decrees.· Any attempt to legislate goodwill in the market-place is doomed to failure.· Once again his efforts were doomed to failure.· But after a month with no reply, it seemed that even this approach was doomed to failure.· Even so, such alliances are, in the long run, doomed to failure.· It was now obvious that repeated military efforts by a single state were doomed to failure.· Another airborne bid for peace that Churchill disapproved of, likewise doomed to failure.· The union quest to preserve the rights and prerogatives of unskilled labor are doomed to failure. ► end · Does he not know that one in five of private contracts has ended in failure?· Ultimately, though, the self-defeating organiza-tion ends up attributing its failures to some unalterable aspect of its character.· This too is ending in failure.· If we are serious about ending reading failure, we must work on many fronts at once.· In Washington, the White House said the coup attempt appeared to have ended in failure.· It is of course tragic that her marriage is now ending in failure.· Each attempt had ended in failure.· Defries watched her mission end in failure. ► follow · Just as failure often follows failure, success breeds success.· Gould was sacked after a stormy 14 months following Albion's failure to at least make the Third Division promotion play-offs.· Many men buffeted by fortune will reach retirement prematurely; some have had great success to be followed by even greater failure. ► lead · The lack of specificity in these indicators leads to manifest failure to achieve equity.· Ironically, even those strategies leading to success can also lead to failure.· The consumption externality leads to market failure.· But this instinct increasingly leads to failure.· Others, however, will develop a chronic and progressive malfunction of the liver that may lead to total liver failure.· Those same lessons apply to changing our attitude from one that leads to failure to one that leads to success.· A lack of ascorbic acid leads to a failure to maintain collagen, and the body can actually come apart.· I would not augment difficulties by protesting against them, as this only led to failure and wasted energy. ► meet · The third issue is our failure to meet the demand for new housing.· A breakdown in communications between these departments can cause slowdowns and a failure to meet production schedules.· Is failure to meet Compact goals recorded on reports, records of achievement, testimonials, etc.?· The select committee also criticised his failure to meet researchers from the Commission for Racial Equality over a period of four months. ► provide · This gets round the case's failure to provide some important background facts.· If this is true, it points to the continuing failure in providing true encounter in the years before union.· The introduction and failure of this project provide a good idea of why a separate black economic agenda has always been stifled.· Instead a growing number of elderly demented people were admitted because of the local authorities' failure to provide alternative care.· To show contrition for failures to provide price lists to consumers, offenders would volunteer payments to the Treasury.· This shows failure to provide an environment conducive to normal growth, where initiative and independence will develop.· And although the particulars of their initiatives might differ, the underlying causes of success or failure will provide lessons learned. ► result · Rushing through it will result in failure, and very disappointing that can be, too.· Plunging in with both feet and expending large sums on equipment and delicate fishes will almost always result in failure and disappointment.· Its credibility has been severely damaged and its attempts to find a solution to the problem have resulted in abject failure.· The desire of Congress to control the expenditure of the indemnity payments had resulted in the failure of the National Bank bill.· This results in a failure to activate pepsinogen to pepsi and so denature proteins.· This results from a failure in the sealing of the unit and causes condensation to build up between the panes of glass. Phrases PHRASES FROM THE ENTRY► failure to do something Diagnostic difficulties in those cases were related to confusing radiological and endoscopic appearances or failure to obtain histological confirmation of lymphoma. Ewing lamented his failure to learn Gaelic, and he never managed to train enough priests who did. In that situation failure to accumulate in the face of rapidly rising real wage costs spells disaster. It helps to explain the conservatism of our class struggle, and its failure to mature into socialist struggle. Mind you, failure to display a phone number doesn't make them instantly dodgy. Outdated computer systems and the failure to help judges to implement the reforms were adding to the chaos. Sources of errors in searching mainly involve failure to find related papers due to inconsistencies in the use of personal names. The failure to find a referent results in a numerical penalty being awarded to the reading for which it occurs. PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES► abject poverty/misery/failure etc A central reason cited for the cutback was the abject failure of highly touted sports movies. But for some, who didn't get the grades they hoped for, there's abject misery. For the first three years he endured abject misery. Its strategy was an abject failure on its own terms, for the Gaullists romped home in the June elections. The parasite has been nurtured by abject poverty, intermittent political chaos and, some charge, international indifference. The Sisters also try never to reject anyone in abject poverty, the hungry or starving. Wealth was much more frequent than abject poverty. What these hopefuls achieved for their pleasure and pain was a violent lifestyle of abject poverty. ► miserable failure► an unmitigated disaster/failure/pleasure etc On health and safety issues, however, deregulation has been an unmitigated disaster. She had to admit that he would almost certainly not see the situation as an unmitigated disaster. So far, the tour had been an unmitigated disaster. The raid itself was an unmitigated disaster. What is happening in Assam is an unmitigated disaster. ► (the word) failure/guilt/compromise etc is not in somebody’s vocabulary Word family WORD FAMILYnounfailfailurefailingadjectivefailedunfailingverbfailadverbunfaillingly 1lack of success [countable, uncountable] a lack of success in achieving or doing something OPP  success:  Successful people often aren’t very good at dealing with failure.failure to do something the conference’s failure to reach an agreement2unsuccessful person/thing [countable] someone or something that is not successful OPP  success:  I always felt a bit of a failure at school.3failure to do something an act of not doing something which should be done or which people expect you to do:  Failure to produce proof of identity could result in prosecution.4business [countable, uncountable] a situation in which a business has to close because of a lack of money:  Business failures in Scotland rose 10% last year.5machine/body part [countable, uncountable] an occasion when a machine or part of your body stops working properly:  The cause of the crash was engine failure.heart/kidney/liver etc failure He died from kidney failure.failure in a failure in the computer system6crops [countable, uncountable] an occasion when crops do not grow or produce food, for example because of bad weather:  a series of crop failuresCOLLOCATIONS– Meanings 1 & 2verbsend in/result in failure· A series of rescue attempts ended in failure.be doomed to failure (=be certain to fail)· The rebellion was doomed to failure from the start.admit failure· He was too proud to admit failure.accept failure· Being able to accept failure is part of life.avoid failure· She was anxious to avoid failure.adjectivescomplete/total/utter failure· The project ended in total failure.abject/dismal failure (=used to emphasize how bad a failure is)· The experiment was considered a dismal failure.a personal failure (=a failure that is someone's personal fault)· He considered his inability to form long-term relationships to be a personal failure.economic failure· Economic failure drove the government out of office.phrasesfear of failure· Fear of failure should not deter you from trying.the risk/possibility of failure· The risk of failure for a new product is very high.· The possibility of failure was sufficiently high for the auditors to warn investors.an admission of failure· Dropping out of college would be an admission of failure.a history of failure (=a situation in which someone has failed many times in the past)· Some children have a history of failure at school.a string of failures (=a series of failures)· The team has had a string of failures in recent games.a sense of failure· People may feel a sense of failure if they admit they have ended up in a job they hate.the consequences of failure· The political consequences of failure would be defeat at the next election.failure + NOUNa failure rate· There is a high failure rate in the restaurant industry.THESAURUSfailure noun [countable] someone or something that is not successful: · The book was a complete failure.· I felt a complete failure.flop noun [countable] informal something that is not successful because people do not like it – used especially about a film, play, product, or performance: · Despite the hype, the movie was a flop at the box office.· Their next computer was a flop.disaster noun [countable] used when saying that something is extremely unsuccessful: · Our first date was a disaster.· Their marriage was a total disaster.fiasco noun [countable usually singular] something that is completely unsuccessful and goes very badly wrong – used especially about things that have been officially planned, which go very wrong: · The baggage system broke down on the first day the airport was open. It was a complete fiasco.· The fiasco came close to ending de Gaulle's political career.debacle noun [countable usually singular] formal an event or situation that is a complete failure, because it does not happen in the way that it was officially planned: · the banking debacle that has put our economy at riskshambles noun [singular] especially British English if a situation or event is a shambles, it is completely unsuccessful because it has been very badly planned or organized, and no one seems to know what to do: · The first few shows were a shambles, but things soon got better.washout noun [singular] informal a failure – used when something is so bad that it would be better if it had not happened: · The play wasn’t a complete washout; the acting was okay.· His most recent and ambitious project, a big-budget Hollywood film, was a washout with both critics and audiences alike.turkey noun [countable] informal something that is so bad and unsuccessful that you think the people involved should be embarrassed about it – a very informal use: · At the time most people thought the car was a complete turkey.· Since then he has appeared in a string of turkeys.
随便看	conglomeration Congo Congolese Congo, Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of congrats congratulate congratulation congratulatory congregate congregation Congregational Congregationalism Congregationalist congress congressional Congressional Medal of Honor Congressional Record congressman Congress Party congresswoman congruence congruent conical conifer

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