carbohydraten.

Brit.

/ˌkɑːbə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪdreɪt/, U.S.

/ˌkɑrbəˈhaɪˌdreɪt/,

/ˌkɑrboʊˈhaɪˌdreɪt/

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: carbo- comb. form, hydrate n.

Etymology: < carbo- comb. form + hydrate n., after German Kohlenhydrat (C. Schmidt 1844, in Ann. der Chem u. Pharm. 51 30).

Any compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the last two elements occur in the same proportion as in water (2:1); esp. any of a large group of such compounds which occur in foods and living tissues and typically can be broken down in the body to release energy. Also as a mass noun: (food consisting of) compounds of this kind.Carbohydrates include sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides) and polysaccharides (such as starch, cellulose, and plant gums).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > [noun]

carbohydrate1851

carbo1973

carb1981

1851 Chem. Gaz. 1 June 201 The substances under consideration have all the radical C⁶H⁵, or a hydrocarbon double that. They are..5th, the carbohydrates, C¹²H¹⁰O¹⁰.

1859 G. H. Lewes Physiol. Common Life I. ii. 90 Schmidt's researches prove fat to be less easily combustible in the organism than the carbo-hydrates, and even than albuminates.

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 668 Cell-walls and starch-grains..consist mainly of carbo-hydrates insoluble in water.

1902 W. G. Thompson Pract. Dietetics (ed. 2) i. 13 A day labourer requires 0·28 pound of protein per diem plus enough fat and carbohydrate to yield a total fuel value of 3,500 calories.

1925 J. Grant Amos's Processes of Flour Manuf. (new ed.) xxxiii. 284 The carbohydrates include the sugars, starches, gums, dextrins, pentosans, amylans, celluloses or woody fibres, with many other less known compounds.

1948 L. E. H. Whitby Nurses' Handbk. Hygiene (ed. 8) vi. 148 A diabetic patient has to balance carefully his intake of carbohydrate and fat.

1961 P. G. Wodehouse Service with Smile i. 9 A pig..must consume daily nourishment amounting to fifty-seven thousand eight hundred calories, these to consist of proteins four pounds five ounces, carbohydrates twenty-five pounds.

1988 Bicycling Oct. 28/3 To avoid the onset of hypoglycemia, keep your sugar levels in check by consuming some carbohydrates during rides of 2 hours or longer.

1994 Vogue Jan. 102/1 The worst carbohydrate is maltose, found in beer; its glycemic index is 110.

2000 J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. (rev. ed.) ii. 53 The root of the cassava plant..provides the main source of carbohydrate for an estimated 300 million people.

2005 Country Living Apr. 153/1 It's the time to switch from the comforting carbohydrates of winter to the energising saladstuffs and new young vegetables of spring.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, with the senses ‘of carbohydrates’, ‘consisting of or containing carbohydrates’, as carbohydrate content, carbohydrate food, carbohydrate intake, carbohydrate metabolism, etc.

ΚΠ

1878 Lancet 20 July 74/1 The carbo-hydrate group of principles in vegetable food.

1886 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 122 285 The glycogen of the liver greatly diminishes in amount in the absence of carbohydrate food stuffs.

1907 W. Osler & T. McCrae Syst. Med. I. 758 Experimentally..adrenalin..has a powerful influence on carbohydrate metabolism.

1935 D. Paterson & J. F. Smith Mod. Methods Feeding in Infancy & Childhood (ed. 5) vii. 116 Carbohydrate indigestion..rarely, if ever, causes vomiting, but diarrhœa may occur.

1969 Jrnl. Pediatrics 74 858/1 The approach to management has been the recommendation of a liberal carbohydrate diet and moderate restriction of ketogenic foods.

1983 T. H. Grenby et al. Devel. Sweeteners—2 p. vii The only metabolic disorder that can be attributed incontrovertibly to dietary carbohydrate intake is dental caries.

1997 J. Steingarten Man who ate Everything (1998) iii. 147 Amylase inhibitors in raw red kidney beans and navy beans make their carbohydrate content unusable.

2005 Allergy Apr. 58/2 Carbohydrate foods, or ‘carbs’ are they are commonly referred to, are sugars and starches.

C2. Objective, as carbohydrate-containing, carbohydrate-free, etc.

ΚΠ

1909 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 10 57 What disease is usually given a carbohydrate free diet?

1929 R. P. Walton tr. E. Waldschmidt-Leitz Enzyme Actions & Properties 222 In elutions of the kaolin adsorbates, the peroxidase of the plant roots was obtained free from carbohydrate-containing substances.

1952 J. A. Ramsay Physiol. Approach Lower Animals i. 15 Amylolytic (carbohydrate-splitting) enzymes are generally present but lipolytic (fat-splitting) enzymes are sometimes lacking.

1963 J. F. Harris et al. in B. L. Browning Chem. Wood xi. 578 Lignosulfonates, in particular the carbohydrate-free products, have found a variety of profitable applications.

1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) i. 7 Carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria may produce enough acid in culture to kill themselves.

1977 Ann. Internal Med. 86 20/2 We have looked therefore at the blood glucose response after taking various carbohydrate-containing meals.

1996 G. Ward Hawaii: Rough Guide i. 24/1 The carbohydrate-packed loco moco is a fried egg served on a hamburger with gravy and rice.

2004 G. McKeith You are what you Eat iv. 94/2 Sugary, carbohydrate-rich foods and sweets raise the level of the feel-good chemicals in your body.

C3.

carbohydrate loading n. originally U.S. the provision or consumption of a dose or meal of carbohydrates; spec. the consumption of a carbohydrate-rich diet, esp. by participants in endurance sports a few days before an event, in order to increase muscle glycogen stores; cf. carbo-loading n.

ΚΠ

1963 Lancet 19 Jan. 147/2 A combination of strenuous exercise, hypoxia, and carbohydrate loading.

1975 News Jrnl. (Mansfield, Ohio) 13 Apr. 8 b/3 Nearly all entrants [to the Boston Marathon] follow the carbohydrate loading regimen.

1999 Health & Fitness Oct. 30/2 (advt.) For isotonic fluid replacement, recovery, endurance and carbohydrate loading.

2003 Clin. Nutrition 22 7 Pre-operative carbohydrate loading reduces post-operative insulin resistance and its consequences.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	carbohydrate
释义	carbohydraten. Brit. /ˌkɑːbə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪdreɪt/, U.S. /ˌkɑrbəˈhaɪˌdreɪt/, /ˌkɑrboʊˈhaɪˌdreɪt/ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: carbo- comb. form, hydrate n. Etymology: < carbo- comb. form + hydrate n., after German Kohlenhydrat (C. Schmidt 1844, in Ann. der Chem u. Pharm. 51 30). Any compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the last two elements occur in the same proportion as in water (2:1); esp. any of a large group of such compounds which occur in foods and living tissues and typically can be broken down in the body to release energy. Also as a mass noun: (food consisting of) compounds of this kind.Carbohydrates include sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides) and polysaccharides (such as starch, cellulose, and plant gums). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > [noun] carbohydrate1851 carbo1973 carb1981 1851 Chem. Gaz. 1 June 201 The substances under consideration have all the radical C⁶H⁵, or a hydrocarbon double that. They are..5th, the carbohydrates, C¹²H¹⁰O¹⁰. 1859 G. H. Lewes Physiol. Common Life I. ii. 90 Schmidt's researches prove fat to be less easily combustible in the organism than the carbo-hydrates, and even than albuminates. 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 668 Cell-walls and starch-grains..consist mainly of carbo-hydrates insoluble in water. 1902 W. G. Thompson Pract. Dietetics (ed. 2) i. 13 A day labourer requires 0·28 pound of protein per diem plus enough fat and carbohydrate to yield a total fuel value of 3,500 calories. 1925 J. Grant Amos's Processes of Flour Manuf. (new ed.) xxxiii. 284 The carbohydrates include the sugars, starches, gums, dextrins, pentosans, amylans, celluloses or woody fibres, with many other less known compounds. 1948 L. E. H. Whitby Nurses' Handbk. Hygiene (ed. 8) vi. 148 A diabetic patient has to balance carefully his intake of carbohydrate and fat. 1961 P. G. Wodehouse Service with Smile i. 9 A pig..must consume daily nourishment amounting to fifty-seven thousand eight hundred calories, these to consist of proteins four pounds five ounces, carbohydrates twenty-five pounds. 1988 Bicycling Oct. 28/3 To avoid the onset of hypoglycemia, keep your sugar levels in check by consuming some carbohydrates during rides of 2 hours or longer. 1994 Vogue Jan. 102/1 The worst carbohydrate is maltose, found in beer; its glycemic index is 110. 2000 J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. (rev. ed.) ii. 53 The root of the cassava plant..provides the main source of carbohydrate for an estimated 300 million people. 2005 Country Living Apr. 153/1 It's the time to switch from the comforting carbohydrates of winter to the energising saladstuffs and new young vegetables of spring. Compounds C1. General attributive, with the senses ‘of carbohydrates’, ‘consisting of or containing carbohydrates’, as carbohydrate content, carbohydrate food, carbohydrate intake, carbohydrate metabolism, etc. ΚΠ 1878 Lancet 20 July 74/1 The carbo-hydrate group of principles in vegetable food. 1886 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 122 285 The glycogen of the liver greatly diminishes in amount in the absence of carbohydrate food stuffs. 1907 W. Osler & T. McCrae Syst. Med. I. 758 Experimentally..adrenalin..has a powerful influence on carbohydrate metabolism. 1935 D. Paterson & J. F. Smith Mod. Methods Feeding in Infancy & Childhood (ed. 5) vii. 116 Carbohydrate indigestion..rarely, if ever, causes vomiting, but diarrhœa may occur. 1969 Jrnl. Pediatrics 74 858/1 The approach to management has been the recommendation of a liberal carbohydrate diet and moderate restriction of ketogenic foods. 1983 T. H. Grenby et al. Devel. Sweeteners—2 p. vii The only metabolic disorder that can be attributed incontrovertibly to dietary carbohydrate intake is dental caries. 1997 J. Steingarten Man who ate Everything (1998) iii. 147 Amylase inhibitors in raw red kidney beans and navy beans make their carbohydrate content unusable. 2005 Allergy Apr. 58/2 Carbohydrate foods, or ‘carbs’ are they are commonly referred to, are sugars and starches. C2. Objective, as carbohydrate-containing, carbohydrate-free, etc. ΚΠ 1909 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 10 57 What disease is usually given a carbohydrate free diet? 1929 R. P. Walton tr. E. Waldschmidt-Leitz Enzyme Actions & Properties 222 In elutions of the kaolin adsorbates, the peroxidase of the plant roots was obtained free from carbohydrate-containing substances. 1952 J. A. Ramsay Physiol. Approach Lower Animals i. 15 Amylolytic (carbohydrate-splitting) enzymes are generally present but lipolytic (fat-splitting) enzymes are sometimes lacking. 1963 J. F. Harris et al. in B. L. Browning Chem. Wood xi. 578 Lignosulfonates, in particular the carbohydrate-free products, have found a variety of profitable applications. 1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) i. 7 Carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria may produce enough acid in culture to kill themselves. 1977 Ann. Internal Med. 86 20/2 We have looked therefore at the blood glucose response after taking various carbohydrate-containing meals. 1996 G. Ward Hawaii: Rough Guide i. 24/1 The carbohydrate-packed loco moco is a fried egg served on a hamburger with gravy and rice. 2004 G. McKeith You are what you Eat iv. 94/2 Sugary, carbohydrate-rich foods and sweets raise the level of the feel-good chemicals in your body. C3. carbohydrate loading n. originally U.S. the provision or consumption of a dose or meal of carbohydrates; spec. the consumption of a carbohydrate-rich diet, esp. by participants in endurance sports a few days before an event, in order to increase muscle glycogen stores; cf. carbo-loading n. ΚΠ 1963 Lancet 19 Jan. 147/2 A combination of strenuous exercise, hypoxia, and carbohydrate loading. 1975 News Jrnl. (Mansfield, Ohio) 13 Apr. 8 b/3 Nearly all entrants [to the Boston Marathon] follow the carbohydrate loading regimen. 1999 Health & Fitness Oct. 30/2 (advt.) For isotonic fluid replacement, recovery, endurance and carbohydrate loading. 2003 Clin. Nutrition 22 7 Pre-operative carbohydrate loading reduces post-operative insulin resistance and its consequences. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1851
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