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单词 cannibal
释义

cannibaln.

Brit. /ˈkanᵻbl/, U.S. /ˈkænəbəl/
Forms: 1500s canivales (plural), 1500s canobales (plural), 1500s cannibul, 1500s–1600s caniball, 1500s–1600s canible, 1500s–1700s canibal, 1500s–1700s canniball, 1500s– cannibal, 1600s cannabal, 1600s canyball.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Spanish. Etymons: Latin canibales, Spanish caníbal.
Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin canibales (plural) the Carib people (1493), and its etymon (ii) Spanish caníbal member of the Carib people (1492 in plural as canibales ), person who eats human flesh (mid 16th cent. or earlier) < the same Proto-Cariban base reflected by Spanish caribe Carib n. (and probably, like caribe , transmitted via an Arawak language) + -al -al suffix1.In the Arawak languages, regional variation between r , n , and l is regular. It is likely that the respective Spanish names reflect Arawak forms encountered on different islands. With this variation compare also Galibi n. and perhaps Caliban n. Sense developments in European languages. The sense ‘person who eats human flesh’ developed from early reports imputing such practises to the peoples of the West Indies. Compare Middle French, French cannibale (1515 as canibale ), Italian cannibale (1494 in plural as canabali ), and also Dutch kannibaal (1566), German Kannibale (16th cent.), all showing the same sense development. Variant form. The form canivales reflects a Spanish pronunciation.
1.
a. A person who eats human flesh. Cf. man-eater n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating specific substances or food > [noun] > eating flesh or meat > cannibalism > cannibal
cannibal1541
anthropophagusa1544
anthropophagite1555
Carib1555
men-eater1599
man-eater1600
anthropophaginian1602
Lestrigon1605
anthropophagist1650
anthropophagizer1854
Lestrigoniana1887
1541 R. Barlow tr. M. Fernández de Enciso Brief Summe Geogr. (1932) 174 This lond is all mountaynes and of yll people, thei be canobales [Sp. canibales] wch eteth one another, and use bowes and arowes wt poison.
1566 I. A. tr. Pliny Summarie Antiq. sig. B. iiii The people called Agriphagi, liue with the flesh of Panthers and Lyons: and the people called Anthropomphagi which we call Canibals, liue with humaine fleshe.
1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft ii. ix. 33 Kin to the Anthropophagi and Canibals.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 142 The Cannibals, that each other eate. View more context for this quotation
1680 N. Lee Cæsar Borgia v. i. 54 By Death and Vengeance I could turn Cannibal, and with my teeth Tear her alive.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. vii. 362 Be obliged to turn cannibals.
1773 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. II. 278 M. Voltaire..represents the Jews as canibals.
1830 S. Gobat Jrnl. 12 Apr. in Jrnl. Abyssinia (1834) ii. 113 It is said..that she is a cannibal, and that she has eaten several children.
1865 D. Livingstone & C. Livingstone Narr. Exped. Zambesi iii. 67 Nearly all blacks believe the whites to be cannibals.
1913 J. H. Weeks Among Congo Cannibals i. 36 With high hopes..my colleague and I entered upon our labours with the cannibals of Monsembe.
1940 Life 25 Mar. 13/2 The cannibals..have paused briefly during the long ceremonial dance they perform to the accompaniment of sizzling human flesh.
2015 Times (Nexis) 2 Apr. 46 A German cannibal..admitted to killing, mutilating and eating the flesh of a lover.
b. A member of the Carib people (see Carib n. 1) of the West Indies, who were said to eat human flesh. Chiefly in plural. Obsolete.Since in the 15th century the Caribs were the major contemporary people believed to eat human flesh, in many early examples this sense and sense 1a coincide.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [noun] > Carib Indian > peoples
cannibal1553
Black Carib1767
Akawaio1769
Macusi1819
Taino1836
Motilon1852
Island Carib1938
1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Gviijv Columbus..sayled toward ye South, & at ye length came to the Ilandes of the Canibals [L. Canibalorum]. And because he came thether on the Sundaye called the Dominical day, he called the Iland..Dominica... Insula Crucis..was also an Ilande of the Canibales [L. Canibalorum].
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 3 The wylde and myscheuous people called Canibales [L. Canibales], or Caribes, which were accustomed to eate mannes flesshe (and called of the olde writers Anthropophagi)... Vexed with the incursions of these manhuntyng Canibales [L. Canibalibus].
1595 J. Davis Seamans Secrets ii. sig. J3v The Canibals of America flye the presence of men.
1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica Viewed (ed. 2) 59 Thence they are call'd Caribs, or Cannibals.
1679 Established Test 18 The fierce Cannibals of the West Indies.
1700 J. Gordon Observ. Fables of Æsop 31 This minds me of the Canniballs in the Caribee Islands, who fed their captivated enemies deliciously..to fatten them for the shambles.
1852 T. Ross tr. A. von Humboldt Personal Narr. Trav. Amer. III. 214 Geraldini, who sought to Latinize all barbarous denominations, recognized in the Cannibals the manners of dogs (canes).
c. figurative. A ruthless and destructive person or thing; a bloodthirsty or savage person. Formerly as a strong term of abuse.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > bloodthirstiness > bloodthirsty person > [noun]
cannibal1563
Lestrigon1605
blood-drinker1630
fee-faw-fum1680
Lestrigoniana1887
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > bloodthirstiness > [noun] > bloodthirsty person
bloodhoundc1440
cannibal1563
blood-hunter1592
Lestrigon1605
fee-faw-fum1680
Lestrigoniana1887
blood-drinker1898
gorehound1920
1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 1689/2 This Cannibal in three yeares space three hundred Martirs slew.
1604 S. Hieron Answer Popish Rime in Wks. (1620) I. 559 Such are his carnall cardinals, Or rather bloudy canibals.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) v. v. 60 Butchers and Villaines, bloudy Caniballes, How sweet a Plant haue you vntimely cropt. View more context for this quotation
1699 T. Brown Let. 6 July in J. Dryden et al. tr. V. de Voiture Familiar Lett. (1700) 162 After a well-favour'd Drubbing, our Sparks make a shift to crawl home to their Lodgings, if the Nocturnal Magistrate and his Canibals, don't hurry 'em to New-prison or the Round-house.
1737 J. Ozell tr. F. Rabelais Wks. IV. p. lxiv The Calumny of certain Cannibals, Misanthropes, perpetual Eavesdroppers.
1845 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 159/1 The late Mr. Windham, an accomplished scholar..whom Mr. Tooke calls..a ‘cannibal’, and ‘a cowardly assassin’.
1860 R. W. Emerson Considerations in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 230 Sickness is a cannibal which eats up all the life and youth it can lay hold of.
1977 G. Nicholson Great Bike Race (1978) vi. 73 The riders tend to share this slightly grudging admiration for Merckx, referring to him as ‘the cannibal’, since he devours everyone.
2. An animal that feeds on the flesh of its own species.In quot. 1781: an animal which feeds on other animals.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > by eating habits > [noun] > carnivore > predator > on its own species
cannibal1781
1781 J. Barbut Les Genres des Insectes de Linné 135/1 In their perfect state they [sc. larvae] are mere cannibals, glutting themselves with the blood of animals; they destroy caterpillars, flies, and even the coleopterous tribe.
1792 W. Bartram Trav. N. & S. Carolina (new ed.) 66 The Shark, and great Black Stingray, are insatiable cannibals.
1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Cimex The greater part of this genus are cannibals in their kind; and hence the horse-bug will at times feast on the smaller species of its own tribe.
1881 C. Darwin Form. Veg. Mould i. 37 They [sc. worms] are cannibals.
1912 Vermonter Jan. 459/2 Like the young of the bass the pike perch fry are cannibals and must be distributed as soon as possible.
1966 E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo xii. 197 Here soon would be shrikes in numbers..and that shocking little cannibal, the butcher bird or fiscal shrike.
2012 Church Times 27 Jan. 33/5 Spiders' silk is stronger than any man-made material, but spiders are cannibals and therefore unfarmable.

Compounds

C1. General attributive with the sense ‘of, relating to, or characteristic of a cannibal or cannibalism’.In quot. 1555 perhaps ‘belonging to the Carib people’.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > bloodthirstiness > [adjective]
bloodyeOE
bloodlyc1425
bloodthirsty1539
bloody-minded?1545
cannibal1555
blood-thirsting?1569
sanguinolent1577
blood-drinking1594
cannibalian1602
sword-minded1603
sanguisugous1615
sanguinary1623
sanguinarian1637
sanguinarious1654
sanguinous1663
sanguine1705
cannibalic?1795
cannibalish1796
cannibalistic1827
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > fierceness > bloodthirstiness > [adjective]
bloodyeOE
bloodthirsty1539
bloody-minded?1545
cannibal1555
blood-thirsting?1569
bloodly1574
sanguinolent1577
blood-drinking1594
cannibalian1602
sword-minded1603
sanguisugous1615
sanguinary1623
sanguinarian1637
sanguinarious1654
sanguinous1663
sanguine1705
cannibalic?1795
cannibalish1796
cannibalistic1827
faggoty-minded1856
1555 R. Eden tr. G. F. de Oviedo y Valdés Summarie Gen. Hist. W. Indies in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 209 When the Indians of certeyne prouinces go to the battayle (especially the Caniball archers) they cary certeyne shelles..which they blowe and make therwith great sounde.
1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. Qv He is such a vaine Basilisco..& swarmeth in vile Canniball words.
1607 G. Chapman Bussy D'Ambois iii. 40 To feede The rauenous wolfe of thy most Canibal valour.
a1694 J. Tillotson Serm. (1742) VI. xcix. 1591 They have the face to complain of the cannibal laws, and bloody persecutions of the church of England.
1737 B. Franklin 2 June in Papers (1960) II. 187 He was cast away in Palachee Bay within Cape Florida, among the Cannibal Indians.
1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 210 To stimulate their cannibal appetites. View more context for this quotation
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xiv. 400 The street poets portioned out all his joints with cannibal ferocity.
1873 Spectator 22 Feb. 240/1 He [sc. the shrike] is a cannibal bird.
1935 Amer. Mercury June 229 Geek, a degenerate who bites off the heads of chickens in a gory cannibal show.
1967 M. Craven I heard Owl call my Name ix. 60 My mother kept me shut in my room because the young man bewitched by the cannibal spirit must not be seen.
2009 J. Kellerman True Detectives xxiii. 222 He'd heard rumors about the place, the good old days of..assorted whacks, running cannibal parties under full moons.
C2.
cannibal galaxy n. Astronomy a galaxy which is absorbing or has absorbed a smaller galaxy or part of it (cf. galactic cannibalism n. at galactic adj. Compounds).
ΚΠ
1976 Sci. Amer. Mar. 71/2 If the cannibal galaxy swells significantly, the number of stars in the central region might be reduced and the galaxy would appear fainter.
1988 T. Ferris Coming of Age in Milky Way (1989) i. ix. 175 We would encounter many sights worth seeing along our way—the giant cannibal galaxy Centaurus A,..the distended spiral M51,..the giant elliptical Virgo A.
2012 Western Mail (Nexis) 5 Apr. 17 A cannibal galaxy that consumed a smaller counterpart a billion years ago is having its dark secrets revealed.

Derivatives

ˈcannibal-like adj. and adv.
ΚΠ
1606 M. Sutcliffe Exam. & Confut. Scurrilous Treat. xi. 104 The popish absurd Doctrine of the carnal and canibal like eating of Christes flesh.
1642 Declar. Lords & Commons shewing Designe for Cessation of Armes 2 Oct. 3 The famine amongst many of them hath made them unnaturally and Caniball-like eate and feede one upon another.
1706 N. R. Æsop in Europe viii. 13 As if (Canibal like) they wou'd eat one another.
1796 J. Palmer Myster of Black Tower II. vii. 103 Perhaps you would have been destined to satisfy their cannibal-like appetites.
1863 London Society May 476/1 The quantity of half-raw beef that cannibal-like individual devoured was perfectly appalling.
1978 Southern Lit. Jrnl. 10 83 An ancient race of Titans that dispersed into black, barbarous, cannibal-like bands.
1995 Times 4 Mar. (Features section) 5/2 Cars made of junk..which, cannibal-like, devour the used parts of their predecessors.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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