请输入您要查询的英文单词:

 

单词 callous
释义

callousadj.

Brit. /ˈkaləs/, U.S. /ˈkæləs/
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin callōsus.
Etymology: < classical Latin callōsus hard-skinned, tough, made hard or tough by use, (in medical context) indurated, in post-classical Latin also obstinate (4th cent.) < callum (also callus ) hardened skin (see callus n.) + -ōsus -ous suffix. Compare Middle French calleux , callose (both 1478; 14th cent. as cailleuse ; French calleux ), Spanish calloso (a1450 or earlier), Catalan callós (15th cent.), Portuguese caloso (1570), Italian calloso (1314). Compare callose adj.
1.
a. Of animal tissue: hardened, thickened, indurated; spec. (of the skin) having a thickened horny layer (stratum corneum), typically resulting from repeated friction or pressure; having calluses.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [adjective] > hardening or thickening > afflicted with
callosea1400
callousa1400
brawny1613
warded1658
imperspirable1668
callused1714
calloused1746
waulked1786
hoofed1828
horn-fisted1929
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 225 (MED) If..þe wei of þe festre þat goiþ in & out be bicome hard & callous.
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 4v With gowmes, which flesh is made so callous, and indurated.
1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 180 Callous and hollow ulcers.
1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar vi. §7 The flesh of beasts grows callous by stripes and the pressure of the yoke.
1695 W. Congreve Love for Love iv. i. 68 With lab'ring Callous Hands.
1797 R. Beilby & T. Bewick Hist. Brit. Birds I. 293 A callous protuberance, of a conical form.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 129 Hard and callous skins under their feet.
1921 Boys' Life Dec. 6/3 His feet..had protective pads of callous skin nearly an inch thick.
2009 D. G. Pierson Persuaded of Better Things iv. 40 The black and callous knees remind us that faith and perseverance can get you through anything.
b. Botany. Of plant tissue: harder or thicker than adjacent tissue.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > appearance of plant > defined by texture > [adjective] > hardened
callosea1400
callous1721
sclerosed1881
sclerotic1884
1721 R. Bradley tr. G. A. Agricola Philos. Treat. Husbandry 147 There appear'd upon one of the Branches a callous Matter [Ger. eine callose materia].
1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xvi. 186 The tips of the leaves being callous.
1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 174 The condition termed by Hanstein callous..consists in the thickening of the bands of membrane in all directions.
1923 B. L. Robinson in Contrib. Gray Herbarium Harvard Univ. 68 30 The specific name alludes of course to the callous tips of the leaves.
2002 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 89 471/2 The base of each leaf is surrounded by a callous pad, termed a spine-shield.
2. figurative. Not easily moved or affected emotionally; hard, unfeeling; (in later use) esp. showing a disregard for the feelings or welfare of others; characterized by such disregard.Now the usual sense.Originally typically with explicit allusion to sense 1a, referring to hard-heartedness or insensitivity caused by repeated damage to the feelings, conscience, etc.; in later use metaphorical reference to sense 1a is usually entirely absent.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > hard-heartedness > [adjective]
hard hearteOE
hateleOE
hard-heartedc1225
cruel1297
dure1412
flinty1536
heartless1556
flint-hearted1560
stone-hearted?1569
stony-hearted1569
iron-hearted1570
steel-hearted1571
unbowelled1592
blunt1594
flintful1596
flint-heart1596
brassy1600
unfeeling1600
cold-blooded1602
cold-hearteda1616
flinty-hearted1629
callous1647
unsympathizing1735
cool-hearted1748
pebble-hearted1816
unsympathetic1823
cold1849
the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted
hard hearteOE
steelena1000
hardOE
hard-heartedc1225
stony?c1230
yhert1340
dure1412
hardedc1425
induratec1425
stonishc1450
hardenedc1480
steely1508
flinty1536
endured1540
stiff-stomached1540
heartless1556
indured1558
flint-hearted1560
iron1561
marble1565
stone-hearted?1569
stony-hearted1569
iron-hearted1570
steel-hearted1571
rocky?1578
brawned1582
flinted1582
padded1583
obdure?1590
brawny1596
flintful1596
flint-heart1596
steeled1600
cauterized1603
indurated1604
flinty-hearted1629
ahenean1630
dedolent1633
brawny-hearteda1639
hard-grained1643
callous1647
upsitten1682
seared1684
petrified1720
calloused1746
coreless1813
pebble-hearted1816
hard-shelled1848
hard-plucked1857
steel trap1921
1647 C. Harvey Schola Cordis xii. 50 My callous conscience is cauteriz'd.
1679 J. Goodman Penitent Pardoned i. iv. 106 The frequent injuries done to it [sc. conscience] render it callous and insensible.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vii. 127 Totally hard and callous to Impressions of Religion.
a1776 D. Hume Life (1777) 24 I was now callous against the impressions of public folly.
1833 T. Arnold Let. 25 Feb. in Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1844) I. vii. 343 It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule.
1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. ix. 97 The callous bustle of fashionable saloons.
1895 J. M. Falkner Lost Stradivarius (1896) x. 127 He obviously grew worse from week to week, and his treatment of his wife became colder and more callous.
1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl ii. xi. 188 She might be detached, and even callous; but she was not brazen.
1955 B. Pym Less than Angels x. 118 She spoke with an almost callous detachment.
1972 Daily Mirror 2 Nov. 7/1 You behaved like savages with callous disregard for the feelings of a fourteen-year-old girl.
2003 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 9 Mar. (Books section) j5 A self-absorbed and callous man who combined greed with parsimony.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

callousv.

Brit. /ˈkaləs/, U.S. /ˈkæləs/
Forms: 1700s– callous, 1800s– callus.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: callous adj.
Etymology: < callous adj. Compare earlier calloused adj., later callus v.
1. transitive. to callous over: to make (the heart, feelings, etc.) resistant to emotion; to harden, desensitize; to protect or cover up (emotional pain or vulnerability) by becoming unfeeling or callous. Also occasionally intransitive.Sometimes (especially in the form callus) with figurative allusion to callus v., referring to hard-heartedness or lack of sensitivity caused by repeated damage to or strain on the feelings, conscience, etc. Cf. note at callous adj. 2.
ΚΠ
1769 Hist. Amintor & Teresa 84 They learned..to be contented, though not happy; for time had in a manner calloused over the sense of their afflictions into an incapacity of feeling them too sharply.
1783 W. Hutton Hist. Birmingham (ed. 2) 344 What must then be the feelings of a mind, susceptible of impression by nature, but weakly calloused over by art?
1856 M. J. Holmes 'Lena Rivers vi. 65 Way down in the depths of his heart, calloused over as it was by worldly selfishness, there was yet a tender spot.
1947 E. Welty Golden Apples 233 Virgie had often felt herself at some moment callous over, go opaque.
1972 Raleigh (W. Va.) Reg. 7 Dec. 4/2 I know I must care about death and suffering in the real world..because every time I don't, I callous over a corner of my soul.
1998 Telegram & Gaz. (Worcester, Mass.) 6 Mar. c3 He kind of discovers a humanity that has been pretty much callused over by his experiences and his life.
2012 J. Alvis N. Hawthorne as Polit. Philosopher iv. 177 Dimmesdale's private agonies over his conscience..are supposed to attest his superiority to the sort of mind that could callous over its sin.
2. transitive. To make (the heart, feelings, etc.) resistant to emotion, to desensitize; to render (a person) hard or unfeeling, to make callous.Sometimes with figurative allusion to callus v.; see note at sense 1.
ΚΠ
1792 Paddy Whiskey's Christmas Box 35 No shameless, slave-like prostitution..calloused their feelings against these most important truths.
1823 I. Hill Ess. on Educ. 32 Let them not be accustomed to slavish fear, nor their nerves be calloused by repeated blows.
1851 M. M. Ballou Gipsey Daughter xii. 55/1 Her early education had never been able to callus or harden the natural delicacy of her nature.
1903 R. H. Savage Last Traitor of Long Island (1904) xvi. 236 Rum had calloused his conscience.
1912 H. Jeffs Concerning Conscience iii. 45 The heart is callused, and the conscience develops blind spots and in time is wholly blind.
1928 PMLA 43 p. v He succeeded in temporarily callousing his sensibility.
2004 A. Miles From Cuenca to Queens i. 6 Their parents, calloused by a lifetime of dashed expectations, are somewhat less optimistic.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
<
adj.a1400v.1769
随便看

 

英语词典包含1132095条英英释义在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2022 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2024/11/11 3:45:35